1891 - 1917 Review of President Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and McKinley's Period to ZERO IN ON WHEN CLEVELAND GAVE HAWAII BACK TO QUEEN LILIUOKALANI (also see above posts) compiled and some articles by Amelia Gora (2010)
Chronology
1868
10 OctoberCarlos M. Céspedes issued the Grito de Yara and initiated the Ten Years' War in Cuba (1868-1878), the independence movement that served as the forerunner of the 1895 Insurrection and the Spanish American War.
1887
MarchPublication in Berlin, Germany, of Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) by José Rizal, the Philippines' most illustrious son, awakened Filipino national consciousness.
1889
BENJAMIN HARRISON became the 23rd President of the United States.
1890
U.S. foreign policy is influenced by Alfred T. Mahan who wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon history, 1600-1783, which advocated the taking of the Caribbean Islands, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands for bases to protect U.S. commerce, the building of a canal to enable fleet movement from ocean to ocean and the building of the Great White fleet of steam-driven armor plated battleships.1892
Hawaiian Kingdom:
1892 - More of the Conspiracies against the Hawaiian nation, the head Queen Liliuokalani found in research:
* meeting in Makua, Oahu by BF Tracy, a U.S. Representative and Thurston, et. als.
Reference: Bureau of Conveyances Affidavit, Lien No. 96-177455 filed on 12/17/96 (281 pages) by
Amelia Gora
* Thomas Akaka, ancestor of Daniel Akaka - whose name is used for the 'Akaka Bill', helped to plan the
dethronement of Queen Liliuokalani with his association, meetings with Dr. Mott Smith, Thurston, et. als.
in Washington, D.C.
Reference: Doctor Mott-Smith's book; history research
* Hundreds of Masons/Freemasons - those supporting criminal acts to dethrone the Queen, arrived in
the Hawaiian Islands, parading, giving speeches, celebrating a building, and claiming 'Hawaii to be theirome city'.
* Premeditation of overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani due to U.S. Naval ships docked in Hawaii without
authorization by our neutral, non-violent, friendly nation.
* Premeditation of overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani when the ship BOSTON arrived to replace the other
U.S. naval ship arrived for further orders.
* Premeditation for travel expenses: Travel to Washington DC was approved by the 1892 Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom.
Reference: Queen Liliuokalani's files.
Elected again in 1892, Cleveland faced an acute depression. He dealt directly with the Treasury crisis rather than with business failures, farm mortgage foreclosures, and unemployment. He obtained repeal of the mildly inflationary Sherman Silver Purchase Act and, with the aid of Wall Street, maintained the Treasury's gold reserve.
Phillippines:
5 January
José Julián Martí y Pérez formed El Partido Revolucionario Cubano (Cuban Revolutionary party). This Cuban political party was organized first in New York City and Philadelphia and soon spread to Tampa and Key West, Florida.
3 July
La Liga Filipina, a political action group that sought reforms in the Spanish administration of the Philippines by peaceful means, was launched formally at a Tondo meeting by José Rizal upon his return to the Philippines from Europe and Hong Kong in June 1892. Rizal's arrest three days later for possessing anti-friar bills and eventual banishment to Dapitan directly led to the demise of the Liga a year or so later.
7 July
Andrés Bonifacio formed the Katipunan, a secret, nationalistic fraternal brotherhood founded to bring about Filipino independence through armed revolution, at Manila. Bonifacio, an illiterate warehouse worker, believed that the Liga was ineffective and too slow in bringing about the desired changes in government, and decided that only through force could the Philippines problem be resolved. The Katipunan replaced the peaceful civic association that Rizal had founded.
1893
Hawaiian Kingdom:
* Congressional orders documented on January 8, 1893 and posted in the New York Times on January 9, 1893
which informed the conspirator's that the troops would be landed.
Reference: NEW YORK TIMES, January 9, 1893 article PEARL HARBOR COALING STATION - Imperative
Necessity that the United States Take Possession found by researcher Shane Lee.
* January 16, 1893 - "three companies of bluejackets, one of artillery, one of marines, 154 men, and
10 officers; with 14,000 cartridges for rifles and the Gatling gun, 1,900 revolver cartridges, and 174 explosive
shells for the revolving cannon. These forces were landed, on foreign soil, not at the request of the lawful
Government - the Governor of Oahu promptly sent a formal note of protest to Minister Stevens -
representing 88,000 of the population...."
* January 16, 1893 - the Queen, the lawful government, and the subjects were under stress, duress,
usurpation, and coercion.
* January 17, 1893 - Queen Liliuokalani was illegally dethroned by treasonous person, supported by the
U.S. government et. als. (England, and the Morgan bankers who were the investors for the bankrupt nations
in the Wall Street stock markets.....both U.S., England were bankrupt and ill able to treaty due to their
American Civil War investments, etc.).
A legal opposition was served to the U.S.
* Oppositions to Annexation made by Queen Liliuokalani and her 40,000+ subjects.
Reference:
OPPOSITION to Annexation official documents was only recently found by researcher Kiliwehi Kekumano. It lay hidden away in the National Archives. It is not the same as the one found at the Archives, Honolulu, Oahu.
In the U.S.:
BENJAMIN HARRISON: "At the end of his administration Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it."
1895
24 FebruaryCuban independence movement (Ejército Libertador de Cuba) issued in the Grito de Baire, declaring Independencia o muerte (Independence or death), as the revolutionary movement in Cuba began. It was quelled by Spanish authorities that same day.
10 April
José Martí and Máximo Gómez Baez returned to Cuba to fight for independence; Gómez was to serve as military leader of the new revolution. The Cuban Revolutionary party (El Partido Revolucionario Cubano) in New York worked tirelessly for revolution, inspired by José Martí and maintained by various voices for Revolution.
12 June
U.S. President Cleveland issues proclamation of neutrality in the Cuban Insurrection.
1896
16 FebruarySpain begins reconcentration policy in Cuba.
28 February
The U.S. Senate recognized Cuban belligerency with overwhelming passage of the joint John T. Morgan/Donald Cameron resolution calling for recognition of Cuban belligerency and Cuban independence. This resolution signaled to President Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney that the Cuban crisis needed attention.
2 March
The U.S. House of Representatives passed decisively its own version of the Morgan-Cameron Resolution which called for the recognition of Cuban belligerency.
9 August
Great Britain foils Spain's attempt to obtain European support for Spanish policies in Cuba.
26 August
Grito de Balintawak begins the Philippine Revolution.
7 December
President Cleveland says that the United States may take action in Cuba if Spain fails to resolve crisis there.
1896
William Warren Kimball, U.S. Naval Academy graduate and intelligence officer, completed a strategic study of the implications of war with Spain. His plan called for an operation to free Cuba through naval action, which included blockade, attacks on Manila, and attacks on the Spanish Mediterranean coast.1897
19 JanuaryBoth William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, through its sensational reporting on the Cuban Insurrection, helped strengthen anti-Spanish sentiment in the United States. On this date the execution of Cuban rebel Adolfo Rodríguez by a Spanish firing squad, was reported in the article "Death of Rodríguez" in the New York Journal by Richard Harding Davis. On October 8, 1897, Karl Decker of the New York Journal reported on the rescue of Cuban Evangelina Cisneros from a prison on the Isle of Pines.
4 March
U.S. President William McKinley inaugurated.
March
Theodore Roosevelt was appointed assistant U.S. Secretary of the Navy. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president of the new republic of the Philippines; Andrés Bonifacio was demoted to the director of the interior.
25 April
General Fernando Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte became governor-general of the Philippines, replacing General Camilo García de Polavieja; his adjutant was Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, his nephew.
8 August
Spanish Prime Minister Antonio Cánovas is assassinated prompting change in government.
1 November
Philippine revolutionary constitution approved creating Biak-na-Bato Republic.
14-15 December
Spain reacted quickly to the Biak-na-Bato Republic and sought negotiations to end the war. With Pedro Paterno, a noted Filipino intellectual and lawyer, mediating, Aguinaldo representing the revolutionists and Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera representing the Spanish colonial government, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was concluded. The Pact paid indemnities to the revolutionists the sum of 800,000 pesos, provided amnesty, and allowed for Aguinaldo and his entourage voluntary exile to Hong Kong.
1898
Hawaiian Kingdom:1898 - War against Spain was deliberately made encouraged by the Hearst newspapers. Spain did not bomb the MAINE as claimed by the newspapers but due to the ship's own doing.
Spain's representative in Hawaii approached Sanford B. Dole's entity Provisional government turned Republic and asked about the status of neutrality. Dole's group denied neutrality, and did not align themselves with the Hawaiian government.
Spain lost and gave up the Phillipines, etc.
At France's, et. als. prompting, the move to assume the Hawaiian Islands were made.
Philippines:
1 January
Spain grants limited autonomy to Cuba.
8 February
Spain's ambassador to the U.S., Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, resigned.
9 February
Pulitzer-owned New York Journal publishes Spanish Minister Enrique Dupuy de Lóme's letter criticizing President McKinley.
14 February
Luís Polo de Bernabé named Minister of Spain in Washington.
15 February
U.S.S. Maine explodes in Havana Harbor.
3 March
Governor-General of the Philippine Islands Fernando Primo de Rivera informed Spanish minister for the colonies Segismundo Moret y Prendergast that Commodore George Dewey had received orders to move on Manila.
9 March
U.S. Congress passes Fifty Million Bill to strengthen military.
17 March
U.S. Senator Redfield Proctor (R-Vt.) influences Congress and U.S. business community in favor of war with Spain.
19 March
The battleship U.S.S. Oregon left the port of San Francisco, California on its famous voyage to the Caribbean Sea and Cuban waters.
28 March
Report of U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry finds U.S.S. Maine explosion caused by a mine.
29 March
The United States Government issued an ultimatum to the Spanish Government to terminate its presence in Cuba. Spain did not accept the ultimatum in its reply of April 1, 1898.
April
Governor-General of the Philippine Islands Fernando Primo de Rivera, in a surprise move, was replaced by Governor-General Basilo Augustín Dávila in early April. Upon his departure from the Philippines, the insurgent movement renewed revolutionary activity due mainly to the Spanish government's failure to abide by the terms of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
4 April
The New York Journal issued a million copy press run dedicated to the war in Cuba. The newspaper called for the immediate U.S. entry into war with Spain.
10 April
Spanish Governor General Blanco in Cuba suspended hostilities in the war in Cuba.
11 April
The U.S. President William McKinley requested authorization from the U.S. Congress to intervene in Cuba, with the object of putting an end to the war between Cuban revolutionaries and Spain.
13 April
The U.S. Congress agreed to President McKinley's request for intervention in Cuba, but without recognition of the Cuban Government.
The Spanish government declared that the sovereignity of Spain was jeopardized by U.S. policy and prepared a special budget for war expenses.
19 April
The U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate adopted the Joint Resolution for war with Spain. Included in the Resolution was the Teller Amendment, named after Senator Henry Moore Teller (Colorado) which disclaimed any intention by the U.S. to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba except in a pacification role and promised to leave the island as soon as the war was over.
20 April
U.S. President William McKinley signed the Joint Resolution for war with Spain and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain.
Spanish Minister to the United States Luís Polo de Bernabé demanded his passport and, along with the personnel of the Legation, left Washington for Canada.
21 April
The Spanish Government considered the U.S. Joint Resolution of April 20 a declaration of war. U.S. Minister in Madrid General Steward L. Woodford received his passport before presenting the ultimatum by the United States.
A state of war existed between Spain and the United States and all diplomatic relations were suspended. U.S. President William McKinley ordered a blockade of Cuba.
Spanish forces in Santiago de Cuba mined Guantánamo Bay.
22 April
U.S. fleet left Key West, Florida for Havana to begin the Cuban blockade at the principal ports on the north coast and at Cienfuegos.
23 April
President McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers.
24 April
Spanish Minister of Defense Segismundo Bermejo sent instructions to Spanish Admiral Cervera to proceed with his fleet from Cape Verde to the Caribbean, Cuba and Puerto Rico.
President of the Cuban Republic in arms, General Bartolomé Masó issued the Manifiesto de Sebastopol and reiterated the mambí motto "Independencia o Muerte".
25 April
War was formally declared between Spain and the United States.
26 April
Willaim R. Day became U.S. Secretary of State.
29 April
The Portuguese government declared itself neutral in the conflict between Spain and the United States.
30 April
The Spanish Governor General Blanco ordered hostilities resumed with the Cuban insurrectionists.
1 May
Opening with the famous quote "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley" U.S. Commodore George Dewey in six hours defeated the Spanish squadron, under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, in Manila Bay, the Philippines Islands. Dewey led the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy, which had been based in Hong Kong, in the attack. With the cruisers U.S.S. Olympia, Raleigh, Boston, and Baltimore, the gunboats Concord and Petrel and the revenue cutter McCulloch and reinforcements from cruiser U.S.S. Charleston and the monitors U.S.S. Monadnock and Monterey the U.S. Asiatic Squadron forced the capitulation of Manila. In the battle the entire Spanish squadron was sunk, including the cruisers María Cristina and Castilla, gunboats Don Antonio de Ulloa, Don Juan de Austria, Isla de Luzón, Isla de Cuba, Velasco, and Argos.
"The message to García". U.S. Army Lieutenant Andrew S. Rowan, through the assistance of the U.S. government, the Cuban Delegation in New York, and the mambises in Cuba, made contact with General Calixto García in Bayamo to seek his cooperation and to obtain military and political assessment of Cuba. This contact benefitted the Cuban Liberation Army and the Cuban Revolutionary Army and totally ignored the Government of the Republic in arms.
2 May
The U.S. Congress voted a war emergency credit increase of $34,625,725.
General Máximo Gómez opens communication with U.S. Admiral Sampson.
4 May
A joint resolution was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives, with the support of President William McKinley, calling for the annexation of Hawaii.
10 May
Secretary of the Navy John D. Long issued orders to Captain Henry Glass, commander of the cruiser U.S.S. Charleston to capture Guam on the way to Manila.
11 May
Charles H. Allen succeeded Theodore Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy.
President William McKinley and his cabinet approve a State Department memorandum calling for Spanish cession of a suitable "coaling station", presumably Manila. The Philippine Islands were to remain Spanish possessions.
18 May
Prime Minister Sagasta formed the new Spanish cabinet. U.S. President McKinley ordered a military expedition, headed by Major General Wesley Merritt, to complete the elimination of Spanish forces in the Philippines, to occupy the islands, and to provide security and order to the inhabitants.
19 May
Emilio Aguinaldo returned to Manila, the Philippine Islands, from exile in Hong Kong. The United States had invited him back from exile, hoping that Aguinaldo would rally the Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government.
24 May
With himself as the dictator, Emilio Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government, replacing the revolutionary government, due to the chaotic conditions he found in the Philippines upon his return.
25 May
First U.S. troops were sent from San Francisco to the Philippine Islands. Thomas McArthur Anderson (1836-1917) commanded the vanguard of the Philippine Expeditionary Force (Eighth Army Corps), which arrived at Cavite, Philippine Islands on June 1.
27 May
U.S. Navy, under Admiral William Thompson Sampson and Commodore Winfield Scott Schley, formally blockaded the port of Santiago de Cuba.
28 May
General William Rufus Shafter, U.S. Army, received orders to mobilize his forces in Tampa, Florida for the attack on Cuba.
June-October
U.S. business and government circles united around a policy of retaining all or part of the Philippines
3 June
First contact of the commanders of the U.S. Marines and leaders of the Cuban Liberation Army, aboard the armored cruiser U.S.S. New York at which the revolutionary forces provided detailed information for the campaign.
9 June
U.S. Admiral William Thompson Sampson sailed to Guantánamo Bay.
10 June
U.S. Marines land at Guantánamo, Cuba.
11 June
McKinley administration reactivated debate in Congress on Hawaiian annexation, using the argument that "we must have Hawaii to help us get our share of China."
12 June
Philippines proclaim independence. German squadron under Admiral Diederichs arrives at Manila.
13 June
The Rough Riders sailed from Tampa, Florida bound for Santiago de Cuba.
14 June
McKinley administration decided not to return the Philippine Islands to Spain.
15 June
Anti-war American Anti-Imperialist League assembles. Admiral Cámara's squadron received orders to relieve Spanish garrison in Philippines.
Congress passed the Hawaii annexation resolution, 209-91. On July 6, the U.S. Senate affirmed the measure.
American Anti-Imperialist League was organized in opposition to the annexation of the Philippine Islands. Among its members were Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, William James, David Starr Jordan, and Samuel Gompers. George S. Boutwell, former secretary of the treasury and Massachusetts senator, served as president of the League.
Admiral Dewey's defeat of the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898 ignited impassioned nationalistic feelings in Spain. Spanish Admiral Manuel de la Cámara y Libermoore's squadron received orders to relieve the Spanish garrison in the Philippine Islands. His fleet consisted of the battleship Pelayo, the armored cruiser Carlos V, the cruisers Rápido and Patriota, the torpedo boats Audaz, Osado, and Proserpina, and the transports Isla de Panay, San Francisco, Cristóbal Colón, Covadonga, and Buenos Aires.
18 June
U.S. Secretary of the Navy John D. Long ordered Commodore William T. Sampson to create a new squadron, the Eastern Squadron, for possible raiding and bombardment missions along the coasts of Spain.
20 June
Spanish authorities surrendered Guam to Captain Henry Glass and his forces on the cruiser U.S.S. Charleston.
The main U.S. force appeared off Santiago de Cuba, with more than 16,200 soldiers and various material in 42 ships. A total of 153 ships of the U.S. forces assembled off of the harbor.
Lieutenant General Calixto García (Cuba) and Admiral Sampson and General Shafter (US) met in El Aserradero (south coast of Oriente Province, Cuba) to complete the general strategy of the campaign. Cuban forces occupied positions west, northwest and east of Santiago de Cuba.
22 June
U.S. General Shafter's troops land at Daiquirí, Cuba.
27 June
Lieutenant General Calixto García requested that Tomás Estrada Palma and the Cuban Committee ask President McKinely to recognize the Cuban Council of Government.
1 July
U.S. and Cuban troops took El Viso Fort, the town of El Caney, and San Juan Heights. Spanish General Vara del Rey died in the fighting. San Juan Hill was taken at the same time, with the help of the Rough Riders under Teddy Roosevelt and Leonard Wood at the battle on Kettle Hill. These victories opened the way to Santiago de Cuba. General Duffield, with 3,000 soldiers, took the Aguadores Fort at Santiago de Cuba. Spanish General Linares and Navy Captain Joaquín Bustamante died in battle.
2 July
Admiral Cervera and the Spanish fleet prepared to leave Santiago Bay.
3 July
The Spanish fleet attempt to leave the bay was halted as the U.S. squadron under Admiral Schley destroyed the Spanish destroyer Furor, the torpedo boat Plutón, and the armored cruisers Infanta María Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristóbal Colón. The Spanish lost all their ships, 350 dead, and 160 wounded.
7 July
U.S. President McKinley signed the Hawaii annexation resolution, following its passage in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate.
8 July
U.S. acquired Hawaii.
15 July
Spanish forces under General Toral capitulated to U.S. forces at Santiago de Cuba.
17 July
Santiago surrenders to U.S. troops.
18 July
The Spanish government, through the French Ambassador to the United States, Jules Cambon, initiated a message to President McKinley to suspend the hostilities and to start the negotiations to end the war. Duque de Almodóvar del Río (Juan Manuel Sánchez y Gutiérrez de Castro), Spanish Minister of State, directed a telegram to the Spanish Ambassador in Paris charging him to solicit the good offices of the French Government to negotiate a suspension of hostilities as a preliminary to final negotiations.
U.S. General Leonard Wood was named military governor of Santiago de Cuba.
Clara Barton of the Red Cross cared for wounded soldiers at Santiago de Cuba.
25 July
General Wesley Merritt, commander of Eighth Corps, U.S. Expeditionary Force, arrived in the Philippine Islands.
26 July
French Government contacted the United States Government regarding the call for suspension of hostilities at the request of the Spanish Government.
28 July
Duque de Almodóvar del Río called for the U.S. annexation of Cuba.
U.S. officials instruct General Shafter to return troops immediately to the United States to prevent an outbreak of yellow fever.
30 July
U.S. President McKinley and his Cabinet submitted to Ambassador Cambon a counter-proposal to the Spanish request for ceasefire.
2 August
Spain accepted the U.S. proposals for peace, with certain reservations regarding the Philippine Islands. McKinley called for a preliminary protocol from Spain before suspension of hostilities. That document was used as the basis for discussion between Spain and the United States at the Treaty of Peace in Paris.
11 August
U.S. Secretary of State Day and French Ambassador Cambon, representing Spain, negotiated the Protocol of Peace.
12 August
Peace protocol that ended all hostilities between Spain and the United States in the war fronts of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines was signed in Washington, D.C.
13 August
Manila falls to U.S. troops.
14 August
Capitulation was signed at Manila and U.S. General Wesley Merritt established a military government in the city, with himself serving as first military governor.
President of the Governing Council of the Republic of Cuba Bartolomé Masó called for elections of Revolutionary Representatives to meet in Assembly.
15 August
U.S. General Arthur MacArthur appointed military commandant of Manila and its suburbs.
12 September
The U.S (General Wade, General Butler and Admiral Sampson) and Spanish Military Commission (Generals Segundo Cabo and González, Admiral Vicente Manterola, and Doctor Rafael Montoro) met in Havana, Cuba, to discuss the evacuation of Spanish forces from the island.
13 September
The Spanish Cortes (legislature) ratified the Protocol of Peace.
15 September
The inaugural session of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, also known as the Malolos Congress, was held at Barasoain Church in Malolos, province of Bulacan, for the purpose of drafting the constitution of the new republic.
16 September
The Spanish and U.S. Commissioners for the Peace Treaty were appointed. U.S. Commissioners were William R. Day (U.S. Secretary of State), William P. Frye (President pro tempore of Senate, Republican-Maine), Whitelaw Reid, George Gray (Senator, Democrat- Delaware), and Cushman K. Davis (Chairman, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Republican-Minnesota). The Spanish Commissioners were Eugenio Montero Ríos (President, Spanish Senate), Buenaventura Abarzuza (Senator), José de Garnica y Diaz (Associate Justice of the Supreme Court), Wenceslao Ramírez de Villa Urrutia (Envoy Extraordinary), and Rafael Cerero y Saenz (General of the Army).
William R. Day resigned as U.S. Secretary of State and was succeeded by John Hay.
22 September
When Major General Calixto García and his Cuban forces arrived in Santiago de Cuba, General Leonard Wood formally recognized his efforts in the war since General Shafter had failed to recognize the Cuban leader's participation in the capitulation of Santiago.
26 September
Commission established under U.S. General Grenville Dodge to investigate mismanagement by U.S. War Department.
1 October
The Spanish and United States Commissioners convened their first meeting in Paris to reach a final Treaty of Peace.
25 October
McKinley instructed the U.S. peace delegation to insist on the annexation of the Philippines in the peace talks.
| 10 November | |
 U.S.S. Maine | In accord with the Assembly of Representatives of the Revolution, a commission of Major General Calixto García, Colonel Manuel Sanguily, Dr. Antonio González Lanuza, General José Miguel Gómez and Colonel José R. Villalón met to seek support for needs of the Liberation Army and to establish a Cuban government. The U.S. did not recognize this commission. The U.S. instead stated that the U.S. had declared war on Spain and all of its possessions because of the destruction of the battleship U.S.S. Maine and other acts against the United States. |
26 November
Captain General Ramón Blanco y Erenas resigned as Governor General of Cuba.
28 November
The Spanish Commission for Peace accepted the United States' demands in the Peace Treaty.
29 November
The Philippine revolutionary congress approved a constitution for the new Philippine Republic.
10 December
Representatitves of Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Peace in Paris. Spain renounced all rights to Cuba and allowed an independent Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and the island of Guam to the United States, gave up its possessions in the West Indies, and sold the Philippine Islands, receiving in exchange $20,000,000.
21 December
President McKinley issued his Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation, ceding the Philippines to the United States, and instructing the American occupying army to use force, as necessary, to impose American sovereignity over the Philippines even before he obtained Senate ratification of the peace treaty with Spain.
23 December
Guam placed under control of U.S. Department of the Navy.
1899
1 JanuaryEmilio Aguinaldo was declared president of the new Philippine Republic, following the meeting of a constitutional convention. United States authorities refused to recognize the new government.
Spanish forces left Cuba.
17 January
U.S. claims Wake Island for use in cable link to Philippines. U.S. Commander Edward Taussig, U.S.S. Bennington, landed on the island and claimed it for the United States.
21 January
The constitution of the Philippine Republic, the Malolos Constitution, was promulgated by the followers of Emilio Aguinaldo.
4 February
The Philippine Insurrection began as the Philippine Republic declared war on the United States forces in the Philippine Islands, following the killing of three Filipino soldiers by U.S. forces in a suburb of Manila.
6 February
U.S. Senate ratified the Treaty of Paris by a vote of 52 to 27.
19 March
The Queen regent of Spain, María Cristina, signed the Treaty of Paris, breaking the deadlock in the Spanish Cortes.
11 April
The Treaty of Paris was proclaimed.
2 June
Spanish forces at Baler, Philippine Islands, surrender to U.S.
1901
23 MarchLed by General Frederick Funston, U.S. forces captured Emilio Aguinaldo on Palanan, Isabela Province. Later, he declared allegiance to the United States.
BENJAMIN HARRISON died.
1902
JulyWar ended in the Philippines, with more than 4,200 U.S. soldiers, 20,000 Filipino soldiers, and 200,000 Filipino civilians dead.
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EXHIBITS
http://www.loc.gov/rr/
(Note: David Trask is the writer for this article - interesting, Mililani and Haunani Trask relation?)
The Spanish-American War
by David Trask
Between 1895 and 1898 Cuba and the Philippine Islands revolted against Spain. The Cubans gained independence, but the Filipinos did not. In both instances the intervention of the United States was the culminating event.
In 1895 the Cuban patriot and revolutionary, José Martí, resumed the Cuban struggle for freedom that had failed during the Ten Years' War (1868-1878). Cuban juntas provided leadership and funds for the military operations conducted in Cuba. Spain possessed superior numbers of troops, forcing the Cuban generals Máximo Gómez and Antonio Maceo, to wage guerrilla warfare in the hope of exhausting the enemy. Operations began in southeastern Cuba but soon spread westward. The Spanish Conservative Party, led by Antonio Cánovas y Castillo, vowed to suppress the insurrectos, but failed to do so.
The Cuban cause gained increasing support in the United States, leading President Grover Cleveland to press for a settlement, but instead Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to pacify Cuba. His stern methods, including reconcentration of the civilian population to deny the guerrillas support in the countryside, strengthened U.S. sympathy for the Cubans. President William McKinley then increased pressure on Spain to end the affair, dispatching a new minister to Spain for this purpose. At this juncture an anarchist assassinated Cánovas, and his successor, the leader of the Liberal Party Práxedes Mateo Sagasta, decided to make a grant of autonomy to Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Cuban leadership resisted this measure, convinced that continued armed resistance would lead to independence.
|
The reluctant McKinley was then forced to demand that Spain grant independence to Cuba, but Sagasta refused, fearing that such a concession would destroy the shaky Restoration Monarchy. It faced opposition from various domestic political groups that might exploit the Cuban affair by precipitating revolution at home. Underlying strong Spanish opposition to Cuban freedom was the traditional belief that God had granted Spain its empire, of which Cuba was the principal remaining area, as a reward for the conquest of the Moors. Spanish honor demanded defense of its overseas possessions, including Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Spain sought diplomatic support from the great powers of Europe, but its long-standing isolation and the strength of the U.S. deterred sympathetic governments from coming to its aid.
On 25 April Congress responded to McKinley's request for armed intervention. Spain had broken diplomatic relations on 23 April. The American declaration of war was predated to 21 April to legitimize certain military operations that had already taken place, particularly a blockade of Havana. To emphasize that its sole motive at the beginning of the struggle was Cuban independence, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution, the Teller Amendment, that foreswore any intention of annexing Cuba.
Neither nation had desired war but both had made preparations as the crisis deepened after the sinking of the Maine. McKinley, having opposed war, hoped to end it quickly at the least possible expenditure of blood and treasure. The U.S. possessed a small well-trained navy, but the army was composed only twenty-eight thousand regulars. Spain had large garrisons in Cuba and the Philippines, but its navy was poorly maintained and much weaker than that of the U.S. Prewar planning in the U.S. had settled upon a naval blockade of Cuba and an attack on the decrepit Spanish squadron at Manila to achieve command of the sea and preclude reinforcement and resupply of the Spanish overseas forces. These measures would bring immediate pressure on Spain and signal American determination. The small army would conduct raids against Cuba and help sustain the Cuban army until a volunteer army could be mobilized for extensive service in Cuba. Spain was forced to accept the U.S. decision to fight on the periphery of Spanish power where its ability to resist was weakest.
The war began with two American successes. Admiral William Sampson immediately established a blockade of Havana that was soon extended along the north coast of Cuba and eventually to the south side. Sampson then prepared to counter Spanish effort to send naval assistance. Then, on 1 May, Commodore George Dewey, commanding the Asiatic Squadron, destroyed Admiral Patricio Montoyo's small force of wooden vessels in Manila Bay. Dewey had earlier moved from Japan to Hong Kong to position himself for an attack on the Philippines. When news of this triumph reached Washington, McKinley authorized a modest army expedition to conduct land operations against Manila, a step in keeping with the desire to maintain constant pressure on Spain in the hope of forcing an early end to the war.
On 29 April a Spanish squadron commanded by Admiral Pascual Cervera left European waters for the West Indies to reinforce the Spanish forces in Cuba. Sampson prepared to meet this challenge to American command of the Caribbean Sea. Cervera eventually took his squadron into the harbor at Santiago de Cuba at the opposite end of the island from Havana where the bulk of the Spanish army was concentrated.
As soon as Cervera was blockaded at Santiago (29 May) McKinley made two important decisions. He ordered the regular army, then being concentrated at Tampa, to move as quickly as possible to Santiago de Cuba. There it would join with the navy in operations intended to eliminate Cervera's forces. Also on 3 June he secretly informed Spain of his war aims through Great Britain and Austria. Besides independence for Cuba, he indicated a desire to annex Puerto Rico (in lieu of a monetary indemnity) and an island in the Marianas chain in the Pacific Ocean. Also the United States sought a port in the Philippines, but made no mention of further acquisitions there. The American message made it clear that the U.S. would increase its demands, should Spain fail to accept these demands. Sagasta was not yet ready to admit defeat, which ended the initial American attempt to arrange an early peace.
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The navy urged a different course, suggesting an attack on the narrow channel connecting the harbor of Santiago de Cuba to the sea. An advance near the coast would allow the navy's guns to provide artillery support. Sweeping of mines in the channel and seizure of the batteries in the area would enable the navy to storm the harbor entrance and enter the harbor for an engagement with Cervera's forces. Shafter rejected this proposal, perhaps because of army-navy rivalry. The Spanish commander did not oppose Shafter's landing and offered only slight resistance to his westward movement. He disposed his garrison of ten thousand men along a perimeter reaching entirely around the city to the two sides of the harbor channel, hoping to prevent Cuban guerrillas under General Máximo Gómez from getting into the city. Three defensive lines were created west of the city to deal with the American advance. The first line was centered on the San Juan Heights, but only five hundred troops were assigned to defend the place. The Spanish intended to make their principal defense closer to the city.
Shafter's plan of attack, based on inadequate reconnaissance, envisioned two associated operations. One force would attack El Caney, a strong point of the Spanish left to eliminate the possibility of a flank attack on the main American effort, aimed at the San Juan Heights. After reducing El Caney, the American troops would move into position to the right of the rest of the Fifth Corps for an assault in the San Juan Heights that would carry into the city and force the capitulation of the Spanish garrison. Shafter's orders for the attack were vague, leading some historians to believe that Shafter intended only to seize the heights.
The battle of 1 July did not develop as planned. Lawton's force was detained at El Caney where a Spanish garrison of only five hundred men held off the attackers for many hours. Meanwhile the rest of the Fifth Corps struggled into position beneath the San Juan Heights. It did not move against the Spanish positions until the early afternoon. Fortunately a section of Gatling guns was able to fire on the summit of San Juan Hill, a bombardment that forced the Spanish defenders to abandon the position to the American force attacking on the left. Another group on the right that included the 1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, commanded that day by Theodore Roosevelt, moved across an adjacent elevation, Kettle Hill. The Spanish retreated to their second line of defense, and the Fifth Army Corps, exhausted and disorganized, set about entrenching itself on the San Juan Heights. Having failed to seize the city, Shafter considered abandoning this position, which was exposed to enemy artillery fire, but mandatory orders from Washington led instead to the inauguration of a siege, soon supported by the arrival of U.S. reinforcements.
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This destruction of Cervera's squadron decided the war, although further fighting occurred elsewhere. Sagasta decided to capitulate at Santiago de Cuba and to inaugurate peace negotiations at an early date through the good offices of France. He also recalled a naval expedition under Admiral Manuel de la Cámara that had left Spain earlier, moving eastward through the Mediterranean Sea and the Suez Canal to relieve the garrison in the Philippines. The navy had organized a squadron to pursue Cámara, but his recall ended any requirement for it.
After the Spanish forces at Santiago de Cuba capitulated on 17 July, a welcome event because the Fifth Army Corps had fallen victim to malaria, dysentery, and other tropical diseases, the Commanding General of the Army, Nelson Miles, led an expedition to Puerto Rico that landed on the south coast of that island. He sent three columns northward with orders to converge on San Juan. These movements proceeded successfully, but were ended short of the objective when word of a peace settlement reached Miles. Meanwhile the fifth Army Corps was hastily shipped to Long Island to recuperate while volunteer regiments continued the occupation of Cuba commanded by General Leonard Wood.
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Dewey hoped to avoid further hostilities at Manila. To this end he engaged in shadowy negotiations with a new Spanish governor in Manila and the Roman Catholic Bishop of the city. An agreement was reached whereby there would be a brief engagement between the Spanish and American forces followed immediately by surrender of the city, after which the Americans were to prevent Aguinaldo's troops from entering Manila. General Merritt was suspicious of this deal, but on 13 August, after the American troops moved through a line of defenses north of Manila, the Spanish garrison surrendered to Dewey. The guerrillas were denied access, and the American troops occupied the city. Continuing American failure to recognize the Aguinaldo government fostered increasing distrust.
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When the treaty was sent to the Senate for approval, anti-imperialist elements offered some opposition, but on 6 February 1899 the Senate accepted it by a vote of 57 to 27, only two more than the necessary two-thirds majority. Fatefully, two days before the vote, armed hostilities broke out at Manila between the American garrison and Aguinaldo's troops, the beginning of a struggle that lasted until July 1902. Although Cuba received its independence, the Platt Amendment (1902) severely limited its sovereignty and stimulated a dependent relationship that affected the evolution of Cuban society. This dependency leads some historians to maintain that the events of 1895-1898 were simply a transition (la transición) from Spanish imperialism to American imperialism. Eventually the U.S. rejected the expansion of 1898, which included the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands, canceling the Platt Amendment, granting independence to the Philippine Islands, and admitting Hawaii into the Union. The war heralded the emergence of the United States as a great power, but mostly it reflected the burgeoning national development of the nineteenth century. World War I, not the American intervention in the Cuban-Spanish struggle of 1895-1898, determined the revolutionized national security policy of the years since 1914. These policies, in keeping with American values, were decidedly anti-imperialistic in both the formal and informal meanings of the term.
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EXHIBIT C
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Grover Cleveland
The First Democrat elected after the Civil War, Grover Cleveland was the only President to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later.
One of nine children of a Presbyterian minister, Cleveland was born in New Jersey in 1837. He was raised in upstate New York. As a lawyer in Buffalo, he became notable for his single-minded concentration upon whatever task faced him.
At 44, he emerged into a political prominence that carried him to the White House in three years. Running as a reformer, he was elected Mayor of Buffalo in 1881, and later, Governor of New York.
Cleveland won the Presidency with the combined support of Democrats and reform Republicans, the "Mugwumps," who disliked the record of his opponent James G. Blaine of Maine.
A bachelor, Cleveland was ill at ease at first with all the comforts of the White House. "I must go to dinner," he wrote a friend, "but I wish it was to eat a pickled herring a Swiss cheese and a chop at Louis' instead of the French stuff I shall find." In June 1886 Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom; he was the only President married in the White House.
Cleveland vigorously pursued a policy barring special favors to any economic group. Vetoing a bill to appropriate $10,000 to distribute seed grain among drought-stricken farmers in Texas, he wrote: "Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the Government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character. . . . "
He also vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans whose claims were fraudulent. When Congress, pressured by the Grand Army of the Republic, passed a bill granting pensions for disabilities not caused by military service, Cleveland vetoed it, too.
He angered the railroads by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by Government grant. He forced them to return 81,000,000 acres. He also signed the Interstate Commerce Act, the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads.
In December 1887 he called on Congress to reduce high protective tariffs. Told that he had given Republicans an effective issue for the campaign of 1888, he retorted, "What is the use of being elected or re-elected unless you stand for something?" But Cleveland was defeated in 1888; although he won a larger popular majority than the Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison, he received fewer electoral votes.
Elected again in 1892, Cleveland faced an acute depression. He dealt directly with the Treasury crisis rather than with business failures, farm mortgage foreclosures, and unemployment. He obtained repeal of the mildly inflationary Sherman Silver Purchase Act and, with the aid of Wall Street, maintained the Treasury's gold reserve.
When railroad strikers in Chicago violated an injunction, Cleveland sent Federal troops to enforce it. "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a post card in Chicago," he thundered, "that card will be delivered."
Cleveland's blunt treatment of the railroad strikers stirred the pride of many Americans. So did the vigorous way in which he forced Great Britain to accept arbitration of a disputed boundary in Venezuela. But his policies during the depression were generally unpopular. His party deserted him and nominated William Jennings Bryan in 1896.
After leaving the White House, Cleveland lived in retirement in Princeton, New Jersey. He died in 1908.
Learn more about Grover Cleveland 's spouse, Frances Folsom Cleveland.
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EXHIBIT D
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Benjamin Harrison
Nominated for President on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican Convention, Benjamin Harrison conducted one of the first "front-porch" campaigns, delivering short speeches to delegations that visited him in Indianapolis. As he was only 5 feet, 6 inches tall, Democrats called him "Little Ben"; Republicans replied that he was big enough to wear the hat of his grandfather, "Old Tippecanoe."
Born in 1833 on a farm by the Ohio River below Cincinnati, Harrison attended Miami University in Ohio and read law in Cincinnati. He moved to Indianapolis, where he practiced law and campaigned for the Republican Party. He married Caroline Lavinia Scott in 1853. After the Civil War--he was Colonel of the 70th Volunteer Infantry--Harrison became a pillar of Indianapolis, enhancing his reputation as a brilliant lawyer.
The Democrats defeated him for Governor of Indiana in 1876 by unfairly stigmatizing him as "Kid Gloves" Harrison. In the 1880's he served in the United States Senate, where he championed Indians. homesteaders, and Civil War veterans.
In the Presidential election, Harrison received 100,000 fewer popular votes than Cleveland, but carried the Electoral College 233 to 168. Although Harrison had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf.
When Boss Matt Quay of Pennsylvania heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach... the penitentiary to make him President."
Harrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. The first Pan American Congress met in Washington in 1889, establishing an information center which later became the Pan American Union. At the end of his administration Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it.
Substantial appropriation bills were signed by Harrison for internal improvements, naval expansion, and subsidies for steamship lines. For the first time except in war, Congress appropriated a billion dollars. When critics attacked "the billion-dollar Congress," Speaker Thomas B. Reed replied, "This is a billion-dollar country." President Harrison also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act "to protect trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies," the first Federal act attempting to regulate trusts.
The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the tariff issue. The high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury. Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. Republican leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed a still higher tariff bill; some rates were intentionally prohibitive.
Harrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity provisions. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from imported raw sugar; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents a pound bounty on their production.
Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated, and prosperity seemed about to disappear as well. Congressional elections in 1890 went stingingly against the Republicans, and party leaders decided to abandon President Harrison although he had cooperated with Congress on party legislation. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he was defeated by Cleveland.
After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis, and married the widowed Mrs. Mary Dimmick in 1896. A dignified elder statesman, he died in 1901.
Learn more about Benjamin Harrison 's spouse, Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison.
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EXHIBIT E
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Grover Cleveland
The First Democrat elected after the Civil War, Grover Cleveland was the only President to leave the White House and return for a second term four years later.
One of nine children of a Presbyterian minister, Cleveland was born in New Jersey in 1837. He was raised in upstate New York. As a lawyer in Buffalo, he became notable for his single-minded concentration upon whatever task faced him.
At 44, he emerged into a political prominence that carried him to the White House in three years. Running as a reformer, he was elected Mayor of Buffalo in 1881, and later, Governor of New York.
Cleveland won the Presidency with the combined support of Democrats and reform Republicans, the "Mugwumps," who disliked the record of his opponent James G. Blaine of Maine.
A bachelor, Cleveland was ill at ease at first with all the comforts of the White House. "I must go to dinner," he wrote a friend, "but I wish it was to eat a pickled herring a Swiss cheese and a chop at Louis' instead of the French stuff I shall find." In June 1886 Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom; he was the only President married in the White House.
Cleveland vigorously pursued a policy barring special favors to any economic group. Vetoing a bill to appropriate $10,000 to distribute seed grain among drought-stricken farmers in Texas, he wrote: "Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the Government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character. . . . "
He also vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans whose claims were fraudulent. When Congress, pressured by the Grand Army of the Republic, passed a bill granting pensions for disabilities not caused by military service, Cleveland vetoed it, too.
He angered the railroads by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by Government grant. He forced them to return 81,000,000 acres. He also signed the Interstate Commerce Act, the first law attempting Federal regulation of the railroads.
In December 1887 he called on Congress to reduce high protective tariffs. Told that he had given Republicans an effective issue for the campaign of 1888, he retorted, "What is the use of being elected or re-elected unless you stand for something?" But Cleveland was defeated in 1888; although he won a larger popular majority than the Republican candidate Benjamin Harrison, he received fewer electoral votes.
Elected again in 1892, Cleveland faced an acute depression. He dealt directly with the Treasury crisis rather than with business failures, farm mortgage foreclosures, and unemployment. He obtained repeal of the mildly inflationary Sherman Silver Purchase Act and, with the aid of Wall Street, maintained the Treasury's gold reserve.
When railroad strikers in Chicago violated an injunction, Cleveland sent Federal troops to enforce it. "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a post card in Chicago," he thundered, "that card will be delivered."
Cleveland's blunt treatment of the railroad strikers stirred the pride of many Americans. So did the vigorous way in which he forced Great Britain to accept arbitration of a disputed boundary in Venezuela. But his policies during the depression were generally unpopular. His party deserted him and nominated William Jennings Bryan in 1896.
After leaving the White House, Cleveland lived in retirement in Princeton, New Jersey. He died in 1908.
Learn more about Grover Cleveland's spouse, Frances Folsom Cleveland.
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EXHIBIT F
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
William McKinley
At the 1896 Republican Convention, in time of depression, the wealthy Cleveland businessman Marcus Alonzo Hanna ensured the nomination of his friend William McKinley as "the advance agent of prosperity." The Democrats, advocating the "free and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold"--which would have mildly inflated the currency--nominated William Jennings Bryan.
While Hanna used large contributions from eastern Republicans frightened by Bryan's views on silver, McKinley met delegations on his front porch in Canton, Ohio. He won by the largest majority of popular votes since 1872.
Born in Niles, Ohio, in 1843, McKinley briefly attended Allegheny College, and was teaching in a country school when the Civil War broke out. Enlisting as a private in the Union Army, he was mustered out at the end of the war as a brevet major of volunteers. He studied law, opened an office in Canton, Ohio, and married Ida Saxton, daughter of a local banker.
At 34, McKinley won a seat in Congress. His attractive personality, exemplary character, and quick intelligence enabled him to rise rapidly. He was appointed to the powerful Ways and Means Committee. Robert M. La Follette, Sr., who served with him, recalled that he generally "represented the newer view," and "on the great new questions .. was generally on the side of the public and against private interests."
During his 14 years in the House, he became the leading Republican tariff expert, giving his name to the measure enacted in 1890. The next year he was elected Governor of Ohio, serving two terms.
When McKinley became President, the depression of 1893 had almost run its course and with it the extreme agitation over silver. Deferring action on the money question, he called Congress into special session to enact the highest tariff in history.
In the friendly atmosphere of the McKinley Administration, industrial combinations developed at an unprecedented pace. Newspapers caricatured McKinley as a little boy led around by "Nursie" Hanna, the representative of the trusts. However, McKinley was not dominated by Hanna; he condemned the trusts as "dangerous conspiracies against the public good."
Not prosperity, but foreign policy, dominated McKinley's Administration. Reporting the stalemate between Spanish forces and revolutionaries in Cuba, newspapers screamed that a quarter of the population was dead and the rest suffering acutely. Public indignation brought pressure upon the President for war. Unable to restrain Congress or the American people, McKinley delivered his message of neutral intervention in April 1898. Congress thereupon voted three resolutions tantamount to a declaration of war for the liberation and independence of Cuba.
In the 100-day war, the United States destroyed the Spanish fleet outside Santiago harbor in Cuba, seized Manila in the Philippines, and occupied Puerto Rico.
"Uncle Joe" Cannon, later Speaker of the House, once said that McKinley kept his ear so close to the ground that it was full of grasshoppers. When McKinley was undecided what to do about Spanish possessions other than Cuba, he toured the country and detected an imperialist sentiment. Thus the United States annexed the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
In 1900, McKinley again campaigned against Bryan. While Bryan inveighed against imperialism, McKinley quietly stood for "the full dinner pail."
His second term, which had begun auspiciously, came to a tragic end in September 1901. He was standing in a receiving line at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition when a deranged anarchist shot him twice. He died eight days later.
Learn more about William McKinley 's spouse, Ida Saxton McKinley.
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EXHIBIT G
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
Theodore Roosevelt
With the assassination of President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the youngest President in the Nation's history. He brought new excitement and power to the Presidency, as he vigorously led Congress and the American public toward progressive reforms and a strong foreign policy.
He took the view that the President as a "steward of the people" should take whatever action necessary for the public good unless expressly forbidden by law or the Constitution." I did not usurp power," he wrote, "but I did greatly broaden the use of executive power."
Roosevelt's youth differed sharply from that of the log cabin Presidents. He was born in New York City in 1858 into a wealthy family, but he too struggled--against ill health--and in his triumph became an advocate of the strenuous life.
In 1884 his first wife, Alice Lee Roosevelt, and his mother died on the same day. Roosevelt spent much of the next two years on his ranch in the Badlands of Dakota Territory. There he mastered his sorrow as he lived in the saddle, driving cattle, hunting big game--he even captured an outlaw. On a visit to London, he married Edith Carow in December 1886.
During the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt was lieutenant colonel of the Rough Rider Regiment, which he led on a charge at the battle of San Juan. He was one of the most conspicuous heroes of the war.
Boss Tom Platt, needing a hero to draw attention away from scandals in New York State, accepted Roosevelt as the Republican candidate for Governor in 1898. Roosevelt won and served with distinction.
As President, Roosevelt held the ideal that the Government should be the great arbiter of the conflicting economic forces in the Nation, especially between capital and labor, guaranteeing justice to each and dispensing favors to none.
Roosevelt emerged spectacularly as a "trust buster" by forcing the dissolution of a great railroad combination in the Northwest. Other antitrust suits under the Sherman Act followed.
Roosevelt steered the United States more actively into world politics. He liked to quote a favorite proverb, "Speak softly and carry a big stick. . . . "
Aware of the strategic need for a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific, Roosevelt ensured the construction of the Panama Canal. His corollary to the Monroe Doctrine prevented the establishment of foreign bases in the Caribbean and arrogated the sole right of intervention in Latin America to the United States.
He won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War, reached a Gentleman's Agreement on immigration with Japan, and sent the Great White Fleet on a goodwill tour of the world.
Some of Theodore Roosevelt's most effective achievements were in conservation. He added enormously to the national forests in the West, reserved lands for public use, and fostered great irrigation projects.
He crusaded endlessly on matters big and small, exciting audiences with his high-pitched voice, jutting jaw, and pounding fist. "The life of strenuous endeavor" was a must for those around him, as he romped with his five younger children and led ambassadors on hikes through Rock Creek Park in Washington, D.C.
Leaving the Presidency in 1909, Roosevelt went on an African safari, then jumped back into politics. In 1912 he ran for President on a Progressive ticket. To reporters he once remarked that he felt as fit as a bull moose, the name of his new party.
While campaigning in Milwaukee, he was shot in the chest by a fanatic. Roosevelt soon recovered, but his words at that time would have been applicable at the time of his death in 1919: "No man has had a happier life than I have led; a happier life in every way."
Learn more about Theodore Roosevelt 's spouse, Edith Kermit Cardow Roosevelt.
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EXHIBIT H
http://www.loc.gov/teachers/
Historical Issue-Analysis and Decision-Making: Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands
Items in this collection, along with the Library of Congress' web site for legislative information, Thomas, can be used to examine the United States' decision to annex the Hawaiian Islands. Search the collection on Hawaii for materials pertaining to the impact of Europeans and Americans in the Hawaiian Islands, such as a July 1854 letter by C.B.H. Fessenden condemning the behavior of the U.S. consulate to the islands. Three histories on missionary work in the Hawaiian Islands (then called the Sandwich Islands) also are also useful. In his History of the Sandwich Islands mission, Rufus Anderson predicts that annexation by the Untied States would ultimately result in the destruction of the Hawaiian people:
"The missionaries and their directors have always favored the independence of the Islands. The present king, misled at one time by the representations of unfriendly persons, publicly expressed an opinion, that the missionaries were in favor of annexing the Islands to the United States. But this was wholly a misapprehension. If the Islands were thus annexed, an emigration would flow there from the United States, which, while it might enrich a few large native landholders high in rank, would at once impoverish the mass of the native people, and lead to their speedy extinction. . . . the native element must rapidly disappear with the loss of independence; and the prospect of such an event is exceedingly painful to an observer from the missionary stand-point."
- Why did the U.S. want to annex the Hawaiian Islands?
- According to Anderson, why were missionaries opposed to the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands?
- How would the interests of the merchants, land speculators, and other migrants to the islands conflict with those of the Polynesian inhabitants?
- According to Anderson, why would the extinction of the islands' native people be an inevitable consequence of annexation?
- In what ways did missionary work in the Hawaiian Islands impact the independence of its inhabitants?
Search Thomas on Hawaii for contemporary legislation such as the Native Hawaiian Recognition Act of 2003. Read this legislation to learn more about the United States' impact on the Hawaiian Islands and their inhabitants.
- What does the Native Hawaiian Recognition Act of 2003 reveal about the historical relationship between the U.S. government and Native Hawaiians?
- When was Hawaii admitted into the United States?
- What was the Apology Resolution of 1993? What does it indicate about contemporary views of the United States' dealings with the Hawaiian Islands?
- What can you tell from this and other legislation provided through Thomas about the status of Native Hawaiians today? How is a Native Hawaiian defined? What rights and privileges does the U.S. government recognize for Native Hawaiians?
- Are the Apology Resolution and the Native Hawaiian Recognition Act appropriate and effective responses to the history between the U.S. government and Native Hawaiians?
- Are Acts and Apologies such as these fair or useful? Why or why not?
- What else, if anything, should be done to redress the past injustices toward Native Hawaiians?
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EXHIBIT I
http://hspls.org/hp/
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January 1993 marked the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands. These changes continue to have a profound impact on Hawaii’s destiny. The following bibliography includes selected titles on the overthrow and annexation. These books may be found at the Hawaii & Pacific section of the Hawaii State Library. Many titles are also available throughout the state. Magazine and newspaper articles are not included but these may be obtained at the Hawaii State Library or at larger public libraries. |
| Overthrow of the Monarchy | Annexation | Chronology of Events |
| Overthrow of the Monarchy | |
| R H 996.9 A | Alexander, William DeWitt. History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893. Honolulu, Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1896. 239 p. A brief history of the Revolution of 1893, and of the events that led up to it. Includes numerous photographs of individuals involved. |
| H B Lili'uokalani | Allen, Helena G. The Betrayal of Lili'uokalani, Last Queen of Hawaii, Glendale, CA., A.H. Clark 1982. 432 p. This biography of Lili'uokalani starkly reveals the usurpation of Hawaii from the native Hawaiians and the entire period of missionary and foreign encroachment in the islands. Author interviewed Lydia K. Aholo, Lili'uokalani's foster daughter. |
| R H 996.902 A | The Apology to Native Hawaiians: on Behalf of the United States for the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Kapolei, HI: Kaimi Pono Press, 1994. 48 p. A complete reprint of the U.S. Congress Public Law, 103-150, November 23, 1993, 103rd Congress, S.J. Res. 19 and the U.S. Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Report 109-126, 103rd Congress, 1st Session, Calendar No. 185, Report No. 103-126. |
| H 996.9 B | Bailey, Paul Dayton. Those Kings and Queens of Old Hawaii: a Mele to Their Memory. Tucson, Arizona, Westernlore Press, 1988, cl975. 381 p. Each of the 19th century monarchs are discussed and portrayed sympathetically against an historical background. Includes a lengthy chapter on Queen Lili'uokalani. |
| Chock, Jennifer M.L. "One-Hundred Years of Illegitimacy: International Legal Analysis of the Illegal Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy, Hawaiian Annexation, and Possible Reparations," in, University of Hawaii Law Review, v.17, n.2, Fall 1995. pp.463-512. | |
| H 923.1969 D | Davenport, Wendell. Hawaii, Its Kings and Queens. Honolulu, Pioneer Federal Savings and Loan Association. 1970. 20 p. Short biographical notes on the monarchs. Includes full-page pencil sketches of each monarch. |
| H 920 D | Day A. Grove. History Makers of Hawaii: a Biographical Dictionary. Honolulu, Mutual Publishing of Honolulu, 1984. 174 p. Brief biographies of 500 notable men and women, especially the monarchs, who influenced Hawaii's history. |
| H 923.1969 F | First Hawaiian Bank. Biographical Sketches of Hawaii's Rulers: compiled and edited by C.Y. Dyke. Honolulu, Office of Library Services, Department of Education, 1973. 47 p. |
| H B Lili'uokalani | Hodges, William C. The Passing of Lili'uokalani. Honolulu, Star Bulletin Publishers. 1918. 72 p. Details and photos of Queen Lili'uokalani as she lies in state; her funeral, procession, and burial. |
| H 812 H | Holt, John Dominis. Famous are the Flowers, Kaulana na pua: Queen Lili'uokalani and the Throne of Hawaii: a Play in Three Acts. Honolulu, Topgallant Pub. Co,1974. 32 p. This play expresses the feelings of many Hawaiians concerning what happened to them from Captain Cook's arrival to the destruction of the monarchy. |
| H 811 H | Holt, John Dominis. Hanai: A Poem for Queen Lili'uokalani. Honolulu, Topgallant Publishing Co., 1986. 70 p. One man's invocation to Queen Lili'uokalani, and his tribute to her. This poem calls for Hawaiians to rise together as a people. |
| H 996.9 H | Holt, John Dominis. Monarchy in Hawaii. 2nd and revised ed. Honolulu, Hogarth Press, 1917. 68 p. 22 portraits of Hawaiian royalty are included in this paper prepared for the 75th anniversary of the Kamehameha Schools. |
| H B Lili'uokalani | Irwin, Bernice Piilani (Cook). I Knew Lili'uokalani. Honolulu, Distribution by South Sea Sales, 1960. 110 p. Recollections of over 30 years of association with the Queen. Also provides an Hawaiian's opinion concerning annexation. |
| H B Lili'uokalani | Lili'uokalani, Queen of Hawaii Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen. Rutland, VT, Tuttle, 1964. 414 p. Autobiography of Queen Lili'uokalani focusing on the events surrounding her reign, overthrow and annexation. Hawaii's great and tragic queen tells her side of the story. |
| H B Lili'uokalani | Loomis, Albertine G. Lili'uokalani, the Golden Years (1898-1917). S.1.: A. Loomis, 1979. 7 p. Lili'uokalani's golden years began with her return from Washington, D.C. in 1898 until her death in 1917. These years showcased her great humility, generosity, dignity and courage. |
| H 996.9 M | Mrantz, Maxine. Hawaiian Monarchy; the Romantic Years. Honolulu, Tongg Pub. Co., 1974. 46 p. Biographical accounts of all the monarchs with full-page portraits of all. Also includes signatures of each monarch. |
| H 920 M | Mrantz, Maxine. Women of Old Hawaii. Honolulu, Aloha Graphics and Sales, 1975. 39 p. An introductory essay covering outstanding women in Hawaiian history is followed by sketches of Hawaii's women of royal blood. |
| H 920.7 N | Notable Women of Hawaii, edited by Barbara Bennett Peterson. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1984. 427 p. Documents the contributions of women to the history of Hawaii. Lili'uokalani's biography is accompanied by a photograph and a lengthy summary of her reign and overthrow. |
| R H 996.904 O | Onipa‘a: Five Days in the History of the Hawaiian Nation: Centennial Observance of the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy. Honolulu, HI: Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 1994. 188 p. Publication of the Onipa‘a Centennial Committee to record the commemorative events held to observe the 100th anniversary of the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy. |
| H 996.9 P | Potter, Norris W. The Hawaiian Monarchy. Honolulu, Bess Press, 1983. 269 p. An instructional material written for Hawaii's intermediate age children. The chapter on Lili'uokalani and annexation is well- researched and very readable. |
| H 996.9 S | Seiden, Allan. Hawaii: the Royal Legacy. Honolulu, Mutual Publishing, 1992. 192 p. A lavishly illustrated portrait of royal Hawaii from the time of Kamehameha I to Queen Lili'uokalani, including today's legacy of Hawaii's alii and their descendants. |
| H 920 St | The Story of Hawaii and its Builders; with which is Incorporated Volume Ill Men of Hawaii; an Historical Outline of Hawaii with Biographical Sketches of its Men of Note and Substantial Achievement, Past and Present, Who Have Contributed to the Progress of the Territory. Edited by George F. Nellist. Honolulu, Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1925. 915 p. Biographies and photographs of the pioneers of Hawaii's history including monarchs, missionaries, industrialists, etc. |
| R H 996.9 T | Taylor, Albert Pierce. The Rulers of Hawaii, the Chiefs and Chiefesses, Their Palaces, Monuments, Portraits and Tombs; and a History of 'lolani Palace; a Narrative of the Kingdom of Hawaii from Kamehameha I to Lili'uokalani; also the Provisional Government, Republic of Hawaii, Territory of Hawaii. Honolulu, Office of Library Services, Dept. of Education, 1973. 70 p. Primarily a history of 'lolani Palace with background material on the Kings and Queens of Hawaii. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Acknowledging the 100th Anniversary of the January 17, 1893 Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and to offer an apology to Native Hawaiians on Behalf of the United States for the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Report (to accompany S.J. Res. 19). Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1993. 35 p. Senate committee Report, 103rd Congress, 1st Session, Calendar No. 185, Report No. 103-126. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Indian Affairs. Senate Joint Resolution 19: to Acknowledge the 100th Anniversary of the January 17, 1893 Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, and to offer an apology to Native Hawaiians on Behalf of the United States for the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Honolulu, HI: Land and Natural Resources Division, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 6 p. Reprint of the Joint Resolution introduced at the 103rd Congress, 1st Session, Calendar No. 185, Report No. 103-126. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. President (1893-1897: Cleveland). A Message to Congress, December 18, 1893: President’s Message to Congress Relating to the Hawaiian Islands. [Honolulu, HI: Land and Natural Resources Division, Office of Hawaiian Affairs, 1993.] 14 p. >From House Executive Documents No. 47, 2nd Session, 53rd Congress, 1893-94, vol. 27, “Hawaiian Islands,” pp. iii-xvi. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. President (1893-1897: Cleveland). President’s Message to Congress Relating to the Hawaiian Islands, December 18, 1893. Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O., 1893. 14 p. |
| R H B Lili'uokalani | Withington, Leonard. The Passing of Hawaii's Last Queen (excerpts Lili'uokalani from the 1917 Journal of Leonard Withington). Honolulu, Leonard Withington, Jr., 1992. 4 leaves. Author's vivid recollection of Queen Lili'uokalani's funeral, with details of every aspect of her funeral and burial. |
| Annexation | |
| H B Kamehameha IV | Adler, Jacob. King Kamehameha IV's Attitude Towards the United States. (Reprinted from the Journal of Pacific History. Canberra, 1968. Vol. 3, p. 107-115) Author theorizes that Kamehameha IV's strict schooling and a year- long voyage to Europe and America as a young adult greatly influenced the formation of the future king's pro-European attitude and rejection of U.S. annexation efforts. |
| H 996.9 A | Apple, Russel A. Land, Lili'uokalani, and Annexation. Honolulu, Topgallant Pub. Co., 1979. 146 p. Articles that previously appeared in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin deals with the historical background of the events and politics leading to the overthrow of the monarchy. |
| H B | Beamer, Billie. The Royal Torch: a Dark Flame of Disdain and Human Disregard. Honolulu, B/B Pub. Inc., 1992. 250 p. Historical fiction based on documented chronologies and research. Beamer mocks the idea that a monarchy of the British or even primitive mode be restored in Hawaii. She exposes the oppressive nature of the Hawaiian society before its "discovery." |
| R H 996.9 B5 | Bingham, Harry. The Annexation of Hawaii: A Right and a Duty. Concord, N.H., Rumford Press, 1898. 22 p. Mr. Bingham makes a passionate plea to fellow bar association members, detailing his reasons for supporting the "right and duty" of America to annex the Hawaiian Islands. Interwoven in this work is the then prevalent assumption that westernized society was superior to "barbaric" non-white cultures. |
| H 996.902 B | Budnick, Rich. Stolen Kingdom: an American Conspiracy. Honolulu, Aloha Press, 1992. 204 p. Reveals a secret 40-year American conspiracy to annex the Hawaiian Kingdom. Includes many historic photographs. |
| H B Dole | Damon, Ethel Moseley. Sanford Ballard Dole and his Hawaii, with an Analysis of Justice Dole's Legal Opinions. Palo Alto, Pacific Books, 1957. 394 p. A solid factual biography of an important figure at a critical time in Hawaii's history. Dole was governor of the Provisional Government and Republic and the first territorial governor of Hawaii. |
| H 996.9 D | Daws, Gavan. Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press. 494 p. A readable account of the social and political history of Hawaii. Includes vivid descriptions of the revolution, overthrow and annexation. |
| H 996.69 D | Deering, Mabel. Hawaii nei. San Francisco, Doxey, 1899. 197p. Compassionate portrait of Hawaiian life during the summer of annexation. Vivid description of a royal funeral, along with portrayals of Lili'uokalani. |
| H 996.9 D | Dole, Sanford Ballard. Memories of the Hawaiian Revolution. Honolulu, Advertiser, 1936. 188 p. Personal recollections of a turbulent period in Hawaiian history by a man who played a leading role in that history. |
| H 996.902 D | Dougherty, Michael. To Steal a Kingdom: Probing Hawaiian History. Honolulu, Island Style Press, 1992. 246 p. A powerful indictment of the western intrusion on Hawaii. A provocative probing of Hawaii's past. |
| H 320.15 D | Dudley, Michael Kioni. Call for Hawaiian Sovereignty. Honolulu, Na Kane 0 Ka Malo Press, 1990. 162 p. A sequel to Man, Gods, and Nature, this is a history of the dispossession of the Hawaiian people, and the overthrow of the monarchy. The book also details the growth of the sovereignty movement over the last twenty years. |
| R H 320.15 H | Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Commission. Hawaiian Sovereignty Advisory Commission: Final Report. [Honolulu: The Commission, 1994. 66, [16] leaves. |
| R H 320.15 H | Hawaiian Sovereignty: Myth and Reality. Honolulu, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Center for Hawaiian Studies, 1992. 19 p. Papers presented by humanities scholars, Lilikala Kame'eleihiwa, Haunani-Kay Trask, David Stannard, and Mililani Trask at a series of forums on Hawaiian Sovereignty. |
| H 333.32 K | Kame'eleihiwa, Lilikala. Native Land and Foreign Desires: Pehea La E Pono Ai. Bishop Museum Press, 1992. 424 p. Subtitle asks, "How shall we live in harmony?" Using primary sources written in Hawaiian, the author presents a scholarly analysis of the Great Mahele, private land ownership, and the overthrow of the monarchy. She states that the Mahele profited only Kamehameha III's foreign advisors, missionaries and business people. |
| H 996.9 K | Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii, 1938-1967. 3 vols. A detailed history of 19th century Hawaii. Volume 3 covers the colorful reign of King Kalakaua and the brief and tragic rule of Queen Lili'uokalani. |
| R H 016.32015 L | Lee,Candace. Hawaiian Sovereignty and Native Land Claims: an Annotated Bibliography / Compiled by Candace Lee and Willis Oshiro, 1991. 27 leaves. An annotated bibliography to provide teachers of 7th grade students with a handy resource guide to the subjects of Hawaiian sovereignty and native land claims. |
| H 996.9 L | Loomis, Albertine. For Whom are the Stars? Revolution and Counterrevolution in Hawaii, 1893-1895. Honolulu, University Press of Hawaii, 1976. 229 p. First complete account of this turbulent period, telling both sides of the story. Based on 30 years of research with many first-hand accounts. |
| R H 328.408 H311 | Mardfin, Jean Kadooka. Examining the Ideas of Nationhood for the Native Hawaiian People. Honolulu, HI: Legislative Reference Bureau, [1994]. 48 p. Prepared in response to Senate Resolution No. 209, S.D. 1, 1994 Session. |
| R H 996.903 M | Morgan, William Michael. Strategic Factors in Hawaiian Annexation. Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International, 1981. 303 leaves. Dissertation completed at Claremont Graduate School. A full-length study on the strategic factors which were "indispensable" in the annexation of Hawaii. |
| H 346.044 N | Native Hawaiian Rights Handbook / edited by Melody Kapilialoha MacKenzie. Honolulu, Native Hawaiian Legal Corporation: Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Distributed by University of Hawaii Press, 1991. 320 p. A well-researched book discussing and analyzing the rights of native Hawaiians. Written by attorneys, each chapter has a unique history. This is the first textbook on the subject. |
| R H 346.044 N | Native Hawaiian Study Commission (U.S.). Report on the Culture, Needs and Concerns of Native Hawaiians Pursuant to Public Law 96-565, Title III. Vol. 2 has title: Claims of Conscience: a Dissenting Study of the Culture, Needs and Concerns of Native Hawaiians, by L.L. Delaney and L. Randall. The Commission, 1983. |
| R H 996.902 O | Osborne, Thomas J. "Empire Can Wait": American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893-1898. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms International, 1979. 277 p. Dissertation completed at Claremont Graduate School. The first study that concentrates on the resistance of the U.S. acquisition of Hawaii. |
| R H 996.902 H | Overthrow: a Day-by-Day Account of the Overthrow of Hawaii's Monarchy 100 years Ago. Honolulu, Honolulu Advertiser, 1992. 16 p. A special edition tabloid included in the November 19, 1992 Honolulu Advertiser. It provides a historical retelling of the events leading to the overthrow, with numerous illustrations. |
| H 320.15 C | Poka Laenui (Hayden Burgess). Collection of papers on Hawaiian Sovereignty and Self- determination. Honolulu, Institute for the Advancement of Hawaiian Affairs, 1992. 44 p. A booklet incorporating several documents written over the years by the author who is also the director of IAHA. All accounts support his proposal of sovereignty and self-determination. |
| H 996.902 R | Russ, William Adam. The Hawaiian Republic, 1894-98, and its Struggle to Win Annexation Selingsgrove, Pa., Susquehanna University Press, 1961. 398 p. Complicated U.S. politics which led to the annexation explained in detail. Sequel to The Hawaiian Revolution, 1893-94. |
| H 996.902 R91h | Russ, William Adam The Hawaiian Revolution, 1893-94. Selingsgrove, Pa., Susquehanna University Press, 1959. 372 p. A scholarly investigation of the Hawaiian revolution and the U.S. interest in Hawaii. |
| H 996.9 T | Tate, Merze. Hawaii: Reciprocity or Annexation. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 1968. 303 p. A scholarly treatment of reciprocity and annexation by a professor of history at Howard University. |
| H 996.9 T | Taylor, Albert Pierce. Under Hawaiian Skies; A Narrative of the Romance, Adventure and History of the Hawaiian Islands; a Complete Historical Account. 2nd ed., Honolulu, Advertiser, 1926. 607 p. A personalized anecdotal history, well illustrated, and with the story of "Aloha 'oe." |
| R H 996.9 T42 | Thurston, Lorrin Andrews. A Handbook on the Annexation of Hawaii. St. Joseph, Mich., A.B. Morse Co. n.d. 83 p. Lorrin Thurston, member of the Advisory Council of the Provisional Government and a supporter of annexation, gathers his own propaganda for his cause. |
| H 996.9 Th | Thurston, Lorrin Andrews Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution. Honolulu, Advertiser, 1936. 664 p. Thurston, one of the prime movers in the deposition of Queen Lili'uokalani, gives his views of the events which caused her downfall. |
| R H 320.15 T | Trask, Haunani-Kay. From a Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawaii. Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1993. 301 p. |
| R H 996.9 T93 | Two Weeks of Hawaiian History: A Brief Sketch of the Revolution of 1893. Honolulu, Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1893. 47 p. Events of the two weeks leading up to the revolution, beginning with Queen Lili'uokalani's preparation of a new constitution. A pro-overthrow account. |
| R H 996.9 U | United States Congress. (53rd, 3rd session: 1894-1895), House. Affairs in Hawaii. Washington: Govt. Printing Office, 1895. 2 v. A comprehensive and complete set of Congressional documents and reports regarding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and the annexation of the Islands by the United States. Includes the famous Blount Report, President Cleveland's message of Dec. 18, 1893: "This military demonstration upon the soil of Honolulu was of itself an act of war..." (v.1, p. 451), Queen Lili'uokalani's proposed constitution of Jan. 14, 1893 and other messages, reports, documents. |
| R H 996.9 Un3 | U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Hawaiian Islands. Report of the Committee on Foreign Relations. United States Senate, with accompanying testimony, and executive documents transmitted to Congress from January 1, 1893, to March 10, 1894. Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1894. 2 v. Congressional investigation of the overthrow of Queen Lili'uokalani. The report by James H. Blount is in v.2, p. 1275-1958. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. Dept. of State. Papers relating to the mission of James H. Blount, United States Commissioner to the Hawaiian Islands. Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, 1893. The report of James H. Blount, Special Commissioner of the Hawaiian Islands, stating his opposition to annexation. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. Dept. of State. Report of James H. Blount, Special Commissioner to the Hawaiian Islands. Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1893? 37 p. Report of James Blount with details of events from his arrival to the islands, interviews and investigations. |
| R H 996.902 U | United States. President (1893-1897: Cleveland). President's message relating to the Hawaiian Islands, December 18, 1893. Washington, Govt. Printing Office, 1893. 14 p. President Grover Cleveland's message stating that the overthrow of Lili'uokalani and the takeover of the islands was illegal and without the authority of Congress. |
| H 996.902 W | Wisniewski, Richard A. The Rise and Fall of the Hawaiian Kingdom: a Pictorial History. Honolulu, Pacific Basin Enterprises, 1979. 114 p. A concise picture history of Hawaii and its rulers from the birth of Kamehameha the Great to the establishment of the Territory of Hawaii in 1900. |
| R H 996.9 Y85 | Young, Lucien. The Boston at Hawaii or, the Observations and Impressions of a Naval Officer During a Stay of Fourteen Months in Those Islands on a Man-of-War. Washington D.C., Gibson Bros., 1898. 311 p. A U.S. Navy officer on the cruiser Boston describes the reign of Lili'uokalani, her overthrow, the Provisional Government and the Republic. Includes chapters on games, religion, land tenure, etc. |
| Chronology of Events | |
| c.750 A.D. | Arrival of the Polynesians |
| c.1758 | Birth of Kamehameha I |
| c.1775 | Birth of Kaumualii, future King of Kauai |
| 1778 Jan 18 | Discovery of Oahu and Kauai by Captain James Cook. On return voyage from the Northwest Passage Captain Cook discovered Island of Maui, November 26, and Hawaii, December 1. |
| 1779 Feb 14 | Death of Captain Cook at Kealakekua, Hawaii. |
| 1782 Jan | Death of Kalaniopuu, King of Hawaii. |
| 1792 Mar 5 | Arrival of Captain Vancouver at Kealakekua, Hawaii. |
| 1794 Feb 25 | Cession of Hawaii to Great Britain. |
| 1795 May | Battle of Nuuanu and conquest of Oahu. Kamehameha I, King 1795 – May 8, 1819. Born 1758; died 1819. |
| 1796 | Liholiho (Kamehameha II) born in Hilo, Hawaii, of Kepluolani, wife of Kamehameha I. |
| 1810 | Cession of Kauai by Kaumualii. Islands became one kingdom under Kamehameha I. |
| 1813 Mar 17 | Birth of Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III) in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. |
| 1819 May 8 | Kamehameha I died at Kailua-Kona, Hawaii. Liholiho (Kamehameha II) assumes sovereignty. Kamehameha II, King, May 20, 1819 – July 14, 1824. Born 1796; died 1824. |
| 1820 Mar 31 | Arrival of first American missionaries in brig “Thaddeus.” |
| 1823 Sep 16 | Death of Queen Keopuolani, mother of Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III). (born c.1778) |
| 1824 May 26 | Death of Kaumualii, ex-king of Kauai. (born c.1780) Death of Queen Kamamalu in London. (born c.1803) |
| 1824 Jul 14 | Death of Liholiho (Kamehameha II) in London. |
| 1825 | Kamehameha III (Kauikeaouli), King, June 6, 1825 – December 15, 1854. Born 1813; died 1854. |
| 1827 Feb 8 | Death of Kalanimolu. (born c.1768) |
| 1830, Dec 11 | Birth of Kamehameha V (Lot). |
| 1832 Jun 5 | Death of Queen Kaahumanu. (observed birth date, March 17, 1768) |
| 1833 Mar | Kamehameha III assumed absolute power of king. |
| 1834 Feb 9 | Birth of Kamehameha IV (Alexander Liholiho). |
| 1835 Jan 31 | Birth of King Lunalilo (William C. Lunalilo). |
| 1836 Jan 2 | Birth of Queen Dowager Emma. |
| 1836 Nov 16 | Birth of King Kalakaua (David Kalakaua). |
| 1837, Feb 2 | Marriage of Kamehameha III to Kalama, Daughter of Kapihe. |
| 1838 Sep 2 | Birth of Lydia Lili‘u Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamaka‘eha (Queen Lili‘uokalani) in Honolulu. |
| 1839 Apr 4 | Death of Premier Kinau. (born c.1805) |
| 1842 | Revised laws published. |
| 1842 Dec 19 | Recognition of independence by United States. |
| 1843 Feb 25 | Provisional cession of islands to Great Britain demanded by Lord George Paulet. Hawaiian flag taken down and British flags flown. |
| 1843 Jul 31 | Restoration of independence by Admiral Thomas. |
| 1845 May 20 | First legislature opened under new constitution. |
| 1846 Feb 11 | Land commission organized. |
| 1848 Jan 27 – Mar 7 | Great Mahele or land division. |
| 1851 Mar 10 | Islands placed provisionally under the protection of the United States. |
| 1852 Jun 14 | Constitution of 1852. Legislature and courts as instituted today. |
| 1853 Aug | Petition to king for annexation to U.S. sponsored by mostly commercial interests. |
| 1854 Jan | New petition for king to annexation to U.S. |
| 1854 Dec 15 | Death of Kamehameha III. Kamehameha IV, (Alexander Liholiho), King, December 16, 1854 – November 30, 1863. Born 1834; died 1863. |
| 1856 Jun 19 | Marriage of Kamehameha IV to Emma Rooke. |
| 1862 Aug 27 | Death of Albert Edward, Prince of Hawaii; 4 years old. (born May 20, 1858). |
| 1862 Sep 16 | Lili‘uokalani and John O. Dominis were married at Haleakala and lived with his mother at Washington Place. |
| 1863 Nov 30 | Death of Kamehameha IV. Kamehameha V (Prince Lot), King, November 30, 1863 – December 11, 1872. Born 1830; died 1872. |
| 1864 Aug 20 | New constitution decreed. |
| 1870 Sep 20 | Death of Queen Kalama, widow of Kamehameha III. (born c.1820) |
| 1872 Dec 11 | Death of Kamehameha V. No heir named. |
| 1873 Jan 8 | Prince W. C. Lunalilo elected King by special session of the Legislature. Lunalilo, William Charles, King, January 8, 1873 – February 3, 1874. |
| 1874 Feb 3 | Death of King Lunalilo in Honolulu. No heir named. |
| 1874 Feb 12 | Election of Hon. David Kalakaua as King of Hawaii by a special session of the Legislature. Kalakaua, David, King, February 12, 1874 – January 20, 1891. Born 1836; died 1891. |
| 1874 Feb 13 | Kalakaua proclaimed King. |
| 1874 Feb 14 | Prince W. P. Leleiohoku proclaimed heir-apparent. |
| 1875 Oct 16 | Birth of Princess Ka‘iulani. |
| 1876 Sep | Reciprocity treaty with U.S. enacted. |
| 1877 Apr 10 | Death of Prince Leleiohoku. (born January 10, 1855) Princess Ka‘iulani proclaimed heir-apparent. |
| 1878 | Lili‘uokalani composed “Aloha Oe” after a weekend trip to Maunawili. |
| 1881 Jan 20 | King Kalakaua sets out on a tour around the world. Princess Lili‘uokalani appointed regent. |
| 1881 Oct 29 | Return of King Kalakaua from world tour. |
| 1882 Nov | King Kalakaua moves into ‘Iolani Palace. |
| 1883 Feb 12 | Coronation of King Kalakaua |
| 1883 May 24 | Death of Princess Ruth Ke‘elikolani. (born June 17, 1826) |
| 1884 Oct 16 | Death of Bernice Pauahi Bishop. (born December 19, 1831) |
| 1885 Apr 24 | Death of Queen Emma, widow of Kamehameha IV. (born January 2, 1836) |
| 1887 | Reciprocity treaty extended. |
| 1887 Feb 2 | Death of Princess Likelike. (born January 12, 1851) |
| 1887 Jul 7 | New constitution proclaimed (Bayonet Constitution). |
| 1889 Jul 30 | Revolt to upset the constitution of 1887, led by Robert Wilcox. |
| 1891 Jan 20 | Death of King Kalakaua, in San Francisco. |
| 1891 Jan 29 | Lili‘uokalani proclaimed Queen of the Hawaiian islands. Lili‘uokalani, Lydia K., Queen, January 29, 1891 – 1893. Born 1838; died 1917. |
| 1891 Aug 27 | Death of John Owen Dominis. (born March 3, 1832) |
| 1893 Jan 14 | Queen Lili‘uokalani announced that she would present a new constitution. This is later withdrawn. Annexation club formed by the Queen’s enemies. U.S. diplomat John Stevens threatened the landing of troops from American warships. |
| 1893 Jan 16 | Citizens “Committee of Safety” organized. |
| 1893 Jan 17 | Provisional government begun. |
| 1893 Feb 1 | Provisional protectorate proclaimed. U.S. flag raised on government buildings. Treaty of annexation written and signed by President Benjamin Harris. The new President, Grover Cleveland, had the treaty withdrawn and sent James Blount, investigator, to inquire into the circumstances of the revolution. |
| 1893 Dec 18 | Blount’s report to Cleveland is submitted to throne. Failed. |
| 1894 Jul 4 | Establishment of the Republic. Sanford B. Dole, first President. |
| 1895 Jan 6 | Counter-revolution to restore Lili‘uokalani to throne. Failed. |
| 1895 Jan 16 | Lili‘uokalani arrested and imprisoned in ‘Iolani Palace. |
| 1895 Jan 24 | Lili‘uokalani signs statement of abdication. |
| 1895 Feb 8 | The Queen was tried and convicted of treason. While sentenced to confinement in her room in ‘Iolani Palace, she composed “The Queen’s Prayer.” |
| 1896 Fall | Lili‘uokalani freed by the Government of the Republic. |
| 1898 Jul 8 | American annexation secured. |
| 1898 Aug 12 | U.S. flag raised in Honolulu. Hawaiian flag lowered. Lili‘uokalani remains secluded at Washington Place. |
| 1899 Mar 6 | Death of Princess Ka‘iulani. (born October 16, 1875) |
| 1917 Nov 11 | Death of Queen Lili‘uokalani at Washington Place. She was given a state funeral and her remains interred in the Royal Mausoleum. |
| Note: dates vary depending on the source. For consistency, the dates indicated in the files of the State Archives and the daily newspapers have been noted in this bibliography. | |
Compiled by the Staff of the
Hawaii & Pacific Section
Hawaii State Library
Hawaii State Public Library System
01/98
******************************
EXHIBIT J
of THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL
By John Moody (1919), Yale University Press
Along with other historical documentation notated
Below
By Amelia Kuulei Gora, one of Kamehameha’s
Descendants, a Royal Person not subject to the laws
August 12, 2003 (updated April 12, 2009)
The following is a review of John Moody’s book, The MASTERS OF CAPITAL, according to Chapters. The column on the left are a REVIEW of facts appearing in the book, and other historical accounts. The column on the right shows an OVERVIEW, OBSERVATIONS of the period and other documented evidence uncovered in research or court case(s):
1849 – Gold discovered in California (page 52)
1855 – “The rich Cuban planters deposited their
money with him (Moses Taylor of City Bank)
and left in his care the reams of United States
government bonds into which they had put their
savings. The bank had also a strong cotton
clientele, and it handled the business of such
houses as the great importing metal firm of
Phelps, Dodge and Company.” (page 60)
1859 – Petroleum/liquid gold discovery made
in Pennsylvania.
1860 – John D. Rockefeller invested $700 to drill
for oil. Within two years he made “up to about
four thousand dollars.” Years later “tens of
thousands of dollars were made annually…”.
Rockefeller reinvested “every cent possible”.
(page 52-53)
Note:
1869 – “at least a billion dollars’ worth a U.S. representative
of United States bonds were held abroad, **** approached Hawaii’s House
of which a large proportion were held in **** of Nobles for a loan, the
South Germany…..the Jewish bond dealer” **** principal would not be
**** paid
(page 16) **** for thousands of years. The
**** Kingdom of Hawaii’s House
Of Nobles said “NO”. In
King Kalakaua’s papers, the
South German Jews loaned
Monies to the U.S.
1870 – J.S. Morgan and Company took a
“French loan of 250,000,000 francs. It was
a syndicate operation and one of the largest
and boldest ever known. In the previous
month the Germans had crushed the French
army at Sedan, had taken the Emperor Louis
Napoleon prisoner, and had besieged Paris.
The only authority for the loan was a *** Note: Americans in Hawaii
Provisional government at Tours.” *** Claimed a Provisional Govern-
*** Government in Hawaii but
*** Queen Liliuokalani documented
*** The Americans “entity” neither
“As the first big organizers of capital, *** De jure NOR de facto
the Morgans—father and son—were to *** Government. (The Morgan
wield a mighty influence in American *** Bankers gave loans on such an
finance.” (page 18) *** Authority.)
“Standard Oil Company of Ohio was formed…
with one million dollars cash capital, it was
undoubtedly the one great business corporation
of America which had no debts and no direct
banking alliances or affiliations.” (page 54-55)
“…the Standard Oil Company began to buy the
weaker refineries at bargain prices and to establish
a chain of plants across the country.” (pages 55-56)
1873 – Panic of 1873 (pg. 43)
“Carnegie company acquired a property *** Note: In Hawaii, Probates
which in a few years was worth tens of *** document excessive amounts of
millions of dollars.” (page 50) *** FRAUD leading to sales of
*** properties WITHOUT CLEAR
***Titles.
1875 – Claim to Pearl Harbor made thru *** Note: FRAUD document
FRAUD DEED. Reciprocity Treaty agreed *** entered in Honolulu - First
To by King Kalakaua and Washington, D.C. ***Circuit Court Case No. 92-2435-
*** 07 STATE OF HAWAII by its
*** Attorney General v. Robert
*** Kalani Kihune. Ronald Dale
Libkuman, Constance hee Lau,
David Paul C o o n, and Francis
Ahloy Keala, Interim Trustees
Under the Will of the Estate of
Bernice Pauahi Bishop etals.
(a FRAUD Trust created by
Banker Charles Reed Bishop,
PIRATE OF THE PACIFIC)
See Exhibit D to two 8-10 years
Deceased Alii/chief/chiefess, one
An ancestor of mine.)
Standard Oil Company’s cash resources
Reached ‘over thirteen million’. (page 57)
1879 –“William H. Vanderbilt, president and
chief stockholder of the New York Central and
Hudson River system, was then being harassed
Beyond endurance. Popular suspicion had been
Excited by his accumulation of a fortune of one
Hundred millions in ten years; and the New York
Legislature, reflecting public indignation, was
Investigating the management of the New York
…Vanderbilt consulted J. Pierpont Morgan…
New York Central stock …sold secretly in
England…The Morgan firm, through its London
House, formed a syndicate and distributed 250,000
Shares…to permanent investors abroad.
Vanderbilt…announced…a large part of the great
Sum of money he had received had been reinvested
In United States government bonds….J. Pierpont
Morgan…made a profit …of more than three
Million dollars. (pages 21-23)
Morgan reorganized the Southern Railway system
Because he “felt obliged” to the English investors, etals.
And feared the loss of millions of dollars in capital.
(pages 27-28)
1881 – Standard Oil Company cash resources were
’45 million’ … “and during that decade the company
and its subsidiaries had not only bought up most of
their competitors with ready cash but in addition
had paid out in dividends over eleven million dollars.”
(page 57)
1882 – The Standard Oil Trust was formed on Wall Street.
“The Standard Oil Trust had taken its place as the most
powerful “master of capital” on the continent.”
(page 57)
1882 – “ The time was at hand when the big bankers
of Wall Street, already busy in the railroad field,
would take part also in petroleum, steel, and a multitude
of other industrial enterprises and utilities which had so
grown in size and value that they could no longer remain
independent of vast banking interests. (page 51)
1890 –“ the wealth of the nation was
estimated at only sixty-five billion dollars,
and the corporate capital at that time was
only twenty-five billions…” (page 4)
1891 – City Bank and the Standard Oil Company
began business together. Its “deposits were only
twelve million dollars, but before the panic
year 1893, they had risen to thirty-one millions.”
(page 64)
1893 – U.S. in a Depression….bankrupt, ill ** Hawaii’s Queen wrongfully
able to Treaty. ** Dethroned by “an entity, not
** de jure NOR de facto govern-
President Cleveland made a loan from J.P. ** ment.
Morgan – N.M. Rothchilds Syndicate, which
Was formed in 1870. Suspicion was on the ** The U.S. BREACHED the
President due to his allowance of the Nation’s **Law of Nations documented
Money being in absolute control by private **Hawaii’s Queen. Treaty was
Interests, Morgan, Belmont, and the Rothschilds. ** Broken. Due to the status
** Of Bankruptcy, the U.S.
President Clevelands first cousin Mr. Pratt of ** could NOT Treaty.
Albany, New York was a banker. His cousins son
Resided in Hawaii and married into Conspirators
Families…the Judd families. ** MASONS/FREEMASONS
** Surrounded Hawaii’s Queen.
** MASONS were set in place
** To break down Monarchial
Governments.
Millions (2-4 million) of dollars owed to
The Kingdom of Hawaii by
BANKER Charles Reed
Bishop for loans.
$279,000 in treasury, rents,
leases, taxes, shipping fees
owed. Gold bullions, gold
and silver coins stolen.
Ancient treasure removed,
Most stolen.
Queen Liliuokalani called
The Americans
“conspirators” (in 2000,
the name was updated to
“TERRORISTS” in
President Clinton’s letter)
Important Note: Japan,
Spain, and Germany
Questioned dethronement
Of Hawaii’s Queen.
“A disastrous panic of 1893, from which
most of the large industrial enterprises of the
United States emerged in a dilapidated
Condition. In the long depression which
Followed, manufacturers everywhere were
Forced into bankruptcy. Capital was scarce,
The demand for goods was small, and
Thousands of plants remained in total or
Partial idleness for several years. This was
Particularly true of the steel and iron
Industry. Most of the steel plants, always
Excepting the Carnegie Works, were
Dormant or moribund. Dividends were
Discontinued; foreclosures were the order
Of the day; investors had lost their capital.”
(page 70)
1895 – Queen Liliuokalani was beckoned to sign an abdication for her supporters so that they would be set free. She signed, however, was told that they would not be set free but would be allowed to live.
Under stress, duress, usurpation, coercion, etc. “The Queen held her throne through her oath and Constitution, and Abdicated when She Declared Herself Above Them.”
190 subjects of the Kingdom of Hawaii were imprisoned, 137 were charged with “treason and open rebellion; 141 “treason” and 12 “misprision (of treason).” 22 exiled to the United States; three were deported to Canada; five were given suspended sentences; five were acquitted. Several were fined and given sentences of hard labor.
Queen Liliuokalani, aged 57, was placed on Trial in the Iolani Palace Throne Room, minus the stolen kahili’s (decors), minus the stolen portraits, minus the stolen rugs/ carpets, minus the stolen gold and crimson chairs, etc., by a military commission composed of the entity group calling themselves a de facto government supported by the United States.
*Note: The furniture, plates, personal jewelry, dinner plates, silverware, etc. were stolen, auctioned from the Iolani Palace. The carpets were cut into pieces and sold as souveniers of the Iolani Palace, etc. Pieces have slowly been returned or purchased by the Friends of the Iolani Palace, etc.
THE PLUNDERING UPON HAWAII’S MONARCHIES RESOURCES occurred at this time.
In Washington, “Morgan, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, today presented the report of the investigations of that committee made under a resolution requiring it to report “whether any, and if so what irregularities occurred in the diplomatic or other intercourse between the United States and Hawaii in relation to the secret political revolution in Hawaii.
The report is prepared by Morgan and concurred in by Frye, Dolph and Davis, Republican members of the committee, who make also a supplemental report….Morgan begins with the proposition that this Government in dealing with any form of government in Hawaii, can have no break in its line of policy corresponding to any change in the office of President. It is in all respects the same government as if under the same President during the entire period. The President, however, has the right to change his opinion and policy, but it must be regarded as a change of mind in the same person.
AGAINST MONARCHISM
The report then declares against monarchism in the islands, saying we exercise at least moral suzerainty over Hawaii, which, it says, “is an American State embraced in the American commercial and military system,” entitling it to the indulgent consideration, if not active sympathy, is its endeavors to release her people from the odious anti-Republican regime, and subordinate her people to the supposed divine
right of a monarch “whose title to such divinity originated in the most slavish conditions of pagan barbarity.”…….The Hawaiian Monarchy had perished…”
Note: J.P. Morgan and friends have FAILED TO DO THEIR HOMEWORK… Royal descendants of Kamehameha EXIST,including the author of this paper, Amelia Kuulei Gora, one of Kamehameha’s descendants, a Royal Person not subject to the laws. Families claims documenting FRAUD has been recorded over time… the PROBATES, other documentation have testimonies and other indications of FRAUD, DECEIT, CORRUPTION, CRIMINAL DEVIANCE, CRIMINAL MALFEASANCE documented.
It is from this point on that the BULK OF RESOURCES of HAWAII appears to have been PLUNDERED UPON.
1897 – “Edward H. Harriman and Kuhn, ** Note: OPPOSITION to
Loeb, and Company agreed upon the ** Annexation documented and
Reorganization of the Union Pacific…they ** rediscovered in the Library
Decided to finance the undertaking through ** of Congress–21,000 of 40,000
City Bank….involving a payment of over ** signatures. Only 3,000
$45,000,000 in cash to the United States ** Americans were for U.S.
Government” (page 65-66)
1898 – “Pierpont Morgan was …a towering
figure in the railroad and banking world.”
(page 31)
Spanish-American War. The American ** Note: Investigations years
Battleship MAINE was claimed to have been ** after indicates the Americans
Bombed by the Spaniards. **Bombed their own ship to
**Create a War.
** Cuba was made independent.
** Philippines, Puerto Rico, etc.
** Became Occupied by U.S.
** Warmonger Roosevelt said,
** “that was a splendid little
** war.”
THE USE OF HAWAII’S
MONIES, FOOD, DRINK,
For WAR is documented.
The United States became an arm of the Vatican through the Papal Bulls authority, also known as the Christian International Laws validating the PLUNDERING UPON Barbaric cultures, societies.
1899 – “…The spectacular merger with the Edison
Illuminating Company of New York” occurred with
Oliver H. Payne, large stockholder of Standard Oil,
Who also “had secured control of the Consolidated
Gas Company of New York”. “By one stroke all the
Lighting companies in New York City were brought
Under one control.” (page 69)
“Money was cheap, credit was everywhere
available, and prosperity was rising throughout the
country. All the important railroad reorganizations,
as we have seen, had been carried through, and the
great bankers, whose coffers swelled with huge
underwriting commissions, were looking for new
business.
1901 – “Morgan paid (Carnegie-steel business)…
was equivalent to a cash price of over $447,000,000.
This was represented by giving Carnegie and his
Associates $303,450,000 in bonds and nearly two
Hundred million dollars’ worth of stock which
Immediately had a market value of about
$144,000,000. It was the greatest sale in the history
of the world.” (pages 82-83)
“Morgan launched the United States Steel Corporation.”
“The stock capitalization was in excess of a billion
dollars, with a bonded debt of more than three hundred
millions, and both the big banking groups of Wall Street
were firmly tied to the enterprise. The great merger
dominated by Morgan drew into its orbit even the
Standard Oil “Money Power.” Among the big names
Included in the syndicate, aside from Morgan and his
Partners, were H.H. Rogers and Daniel O’Day of
Standard Oil; Marshall Field, William H. Moore,
James H. Moore, Elbert H. Gary, John W. Gates, H. H.
Porter, and Norman B. Ream, of Chicago; Samuel Mather
Of Cleveland; Nathaniel Thayer of Boston; and Danie G.
Reid, Henry C. F rick, Charles M. Schwab, and D.O.
Mills, of New York. So under the control of a single
Corporation passed seventy per cent of the American
Iron and steel industry. That industry, instead of being
Operated on the old plan of individual control or
Independent corporate control, was now linked with
Scores of banks of great power, with railroads, and
With numerous other corporate undertakings.” (page 88)
1903 – “The United Steel Corporation failed to earn its
dividends, its great issue of common stock fell to a few
dollars a share…”(page 110)
1904 – The U.S. Supreme Court decision ordered the
“dissolution of the Northern Securities Company.”
(page 110)
1906 – “New York banks reported a deficit in
reserves and appealed to the United States Treasury
for surplus gold. This timely deposit afforded
temporary relief; but the year closed in strain.”
(page 140)
1907 – “During these years Morgan formed the great
shipping combination known as the International
Mercantile Marine Company, which absorbed the
White Star Line, the American Line, the Red Star
Line, the Leyland Line, and many other transatlantic
Companies……The leading lines between New York
And England, which included the Cunard Line, the
White Star, and the American Line…” (page 110)
“The new Morgan combination, being under American
control and financed by American capital, could not
enjoy these benefits. Moreover, as soon as the new
combination began to compete aggresively with
the Cundard and German lines, both the English
and German Governments came to the rescue with
further large subsidies and benefits.” (page 111)
“During a long period the Morgan firm had been
closely identified with the General Electric Company,
a great manufacturing concern which had been
building up a world-wide industry.” (page 112)
1908 – British government supported a private
company drilling oil. Persian(Iran) oil discovered.
1914 – “In the early days of the war England had
practically abdicated, for the time being, the
position of international banker which she had
held for a hundred years.”
England “had invested over a billion dollars in
New securities, domestic and foreign. Lombard
Street had largely financed the building of
American railroads, had contributed greatly
To the financing of American enterprises of all
Kinds, had been a large purchaser of government
And municipal bonds, not only in the United States,
But in South American countries.” (pages 161-162)
“Wall Street had played little part in financing
foreign governments, its activities in this direction
being limited almost to lending Great Britain
$200,000,000 at the time of the South African War and
Japan $50,000,000 at the time of the Russian War.”
(page 163)
The British purchased the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.”
(Of Many Times and Cultures –page 169)
1915 – The “British Government vetoed all operations
of this kind and informed the bankers that their
resources must be used exclusively for war purposes.”
(page 162)
“Wall Street bought the bond issues of Paris,
Bordeaux, and Lyons, and even provided funds for
International trade.” (page 162)
“A distinguished Anglo-French mission arrived in
New York for the purpose of floating an American
Loan….” The amount approved was for half the
Request or $500,000,000. (page 164)
“the House of Morgan has always maintained close
and confidential relations with the British Government
and the British public.” (pages 164-165)
“Wall Street began to deal in shells, cannon, submarines,
blankets, clothing, shoes, canned meats, wheat, and
thousands of other articles needed for the prosecution
of a great war.” (page 165)
1916 - “ The United States produced 43,000,000 tons
of steel, while Great Britain, which normally ranks
next to this country in steel manufacturer, produced
9,000,000 tons….” (page 156)
“The gold supply of Europe began to find its way into
coffers of Wall Street, a movement that was coninuous
until 1917, when of the approximately $8,500,000,000
outstanding, nearly $3,000,000,000 was ultimately
deposited in American safety vaults.” (page 161)
“we had ceased to be a debtor nation and now had Europe
deeply in our debt. We had lent foreign Governments,
bankers, and merchants not far from $2,000,000,000;
yet so plentiful was money in New York that the
investment bankers complained because they could not
find enough securities to supply their customers.
(page 170)
1917- “Congress declared war on April 6, 1917.”
(page 168)
“The mere fact that the United States, besides
spending enormous sums on its own military
preparations, was able to lend nearly $10,000,000,000
to European Governments in little less than two years,
gives some idea of the resources which this country
brought to bear in the European conflict. (page 175)
Some people charged that it was “Wall Street’s War”.
(page 1
Hawaii’s Queen Liliuokalani died.
A Trust by BANKERS were put under her name;
However, she maintained that she did NOT create
A Trust. Other FRAUDS are documented in
Alii Probates, Trusts, etc.
1919 – Haiti revolted against American/United States occupation. The United States marines killed more than 1,800 INNOCENTS.
CONCLUSION
The insecurities of a BANKRUPT society(ies) which has basically PLUNDERED UPON INNOCENTS OR RESOURCES, who happen to be basically PEOPLE OF COLOR and validated by the Vatican’s Papal Bulls Authority or Christian International Laws is relying on the assist of paid-off friends, countries it has accumulated at its side by garnting monies at the expense of many…the complex slave society-Americans, at the aborigines expense: American Indians, Alaskan-Indians, Hawaiians/kanaka maoli, Spanish, Haitians, Japanese, Micronesians, Vietnamese, Koreans, Germans, Iraqis and others.
History reveals a lot of issues and conspiracies…but recognize there are ways out of the controlling tyranny of America with Hitler’s benefactors descendants at the helm, etc.
The criminal deviance, CORRUPTION, criminal malfeasance involved has been a lucrative, PIRATING scheme affecting Hawaii and the World even today.
The wrongful, criminal PLUNDERING UPON INNOCENTS AND/OR RESOURCES are the goals of the criminal deviants now documented. The FAILURE to do their homework and the rewards for CRIMINAL KILLING, MASSACRES of INNOCENTS will not go unpunished, if one believes in God. For those who have a difficult time in the spiritual basis, remember this from another perspective: Because DEVILS exist; therefore, God exists.
Rents and Leases are due as documented in previous Letters to the Presidents, Clinton and Bush. Much to the dismay of the U.S. Presidents, the Senators representing Hawaii (without granted Jurisdiction), Kamehameha’s descendants EXIST, including myself, Amelia Kuulei Gora. It’s Not our Problem that the U.S. FAILED to do their homework on the Royal families, Sovereigns, etals.
Because the WARS over time, which includes the PLUNDERING UPON INNOCENTS have been financed by the Kingdom of Hawaii’s monies, and documented so in these papers, the wrongful recognition of J.P. Morgan’s ill authority/determination made as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations claiming to grant the U.S. Presidents authority over Hawaii’s finances are based on FRAUD, DECEIT, erroneous, CRIMINAL and is hereby NULLED and VOIDED.
Sincerely,
One of Kamehameha’s descendants, Amelia Kuulei Gora, a Royal Person not subject to the laws.
References:
THE MASTERS OF CAPITAL by John Moody (1919) Yale University Press
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF HAWAII, ABROAD, AND THE UNITED STATES by Amelia Kuulei Gora (2001)
PIRATES OF THE PACIFIC: CHARLES REED BISHOP AND FRIENDS (2002) by Amelia Kuulei Gora
WAR GAMES by Thomas B. Allen
…AND THE TRUTH SHALL SET YOU FREE by David Icke
OF MANY TIMES AND CULTURES by Marvin Scott (1993)
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EXHIBIT K
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History Overview from Hawaii of Educating the Cute, Unknowing Sheep
By Amelia Gora (about the author) Page 1 of 3 page(s)
For OpEdNews: Amelia Gora - Writer
1) Kamehameha's, his wives, King Kalakaua's, Queen Liliuokalani's, hanai/adopted children of Kamehameha III etals. descendants exist today.2) Konohiki, land owners descendants prior to the wrongful dethronement of Hawaii's Queen in 1893 exist.
3) Royal persons, Sovereign heirs - with immunities exist.
4) Kingdom heirs exist currently uniting with the Hawaiian Kingdom Government, a government.
5) Provisional government turned Republic, turned Territory, turned State with documented oppositions all the way is in fact a corporation/corporate structure of the larger corporation called the United States of America (since 1874) operating under Great Britain.)
6) The problems for the U.S. appears to be in the period when 1. Washington, D.C. was organized apart from the United States in 1874. (note: research incomplete) 2. The U.S./U.S.A. became divided in the American Civil War. The War was funded by France, Great Britain, U.S., Germany and the Bank of England. 3. The U.S./U.S.A. never was a separate nation from Great Britain due to the facts that many of the U.S. Presidents were Royal persons descending from the Kings of England/Great Britain; the Rush-Baggot Treaty was a permanent Treaty; association/affiliation with the Masons/ Freemasons secret societies, etc.
7) U.S. in actuality a business corporation interested in profits/gains/finances. Business structure includes CEO's such as U.S. President's, Governors etals. disregarding the duties, laws of a nation. (See previous IOLANI - The Royal Hawk news on the web at the hawaiian_genealogy_society-akg for messages, articles, etc.)
8) A U.S. representative asked for loans from the Hawaiian Kingdom because they were bankrupt and our House of Nobles denied them because the loan would not be paid off for thousands of years....only a small interest would be paid at a time.
note: The German Jews did give the U.S. loans expecting a 10% interest.....but they were the ones who were killed off in the World Wars.
If the U.S. took on loans here, and loans there, that means they still owe many nations monies borrowed and are in actuality owned by many nations, including the Hawaiian Kingdom!
9) Congress and the U.S. President Benjamin Harrison premeditated the criminal assumption of a neutral, non-violent nation and dethroned Queen Liliuokalani in 1893. See articles written previously in the news on the web IOLANI-The Royal Hawk publisher, editor, writer Amelia Gora, anti-war news, history, genealogies with articles submitted by other researchers, and researchers from around the world.
Also see the PEARL HARBOR article at the New York Times found by researcher Shane Lee.
Also see various liens, notices filed at the Bureau of Conveyances by Amelia Gora, et. als.
10) President Benjamin Harrison used his executive orders to deny the passage of prosecuting those who did crimes on the high seas in December 1893.
This move saved the conspirator's Thurston, Dole, Thomas Akaka (Senator Daniel Akaka's ancestor) et. als. from being prosecuted for "pirate's crimes on the high seas".
11) President Benjamin Harrison suggested that 'a plebiscite be given to make it appear that the "overthrow" was the will of the people.'
12) President Cleveland moved to allow the U.S. Federal bank to be purchased by private interests, causing the Federal banks to be in private hands of 13+ stockholders/investors.
13) The private investors make up the Federal Reserve Banks whose stockholders defend, promote a move towards a new world order/one world order; they get 3-4 cents off of every bill/Federal Reserve note printed; the bills/Federal Reserve notes printed has no gold, silver backing; they charge tremendous interest for loans, etc.; they are associated with the Bank of England, a bank that funds the 'Business of Wars' through financing both sides, etc. (example: U.S. innocents versus Iraq's innocents) Note: in 1913 - There was a 'silent cou d'tat' by the bankers.
14) A Federal Reserve Act was passed accommodating bankers. in 1919 - President Woodrow Wilson admitted U.S. under a small group of men.
15) Taxes on the people are collected by the IRS/ Internal Revenue Service which operates under and for the private business Federal Reserve Banks.
16) U.S. Congressman Daniel Inouye is on record saying 'there is no law allowing anyone to pay taxes'.
17) The U.S./U.S.A. is bankrupt, utilizing Wars to pay off the debts to the private bankers moving towards enslaving the masses, exterminating People of Color, and accommodating financing, stolen goods, thievery off of nations/ independent nations such as Hawaii, the Hawaiian Kingdom, the Kingdom of Hawaii, Hawaiian archipelago; Spain, Japan, Haiti, Iraq.
18) The U.S./U.S.A. a corporation since 1874 has military bases in 130 countries/nations. There are 190/191 countries/nations in total.
19) Profiteers of nuclear weapons, depleted uranium weapons for Wars, testing, etc. includes the Queen of England with the majority of stocks in the uranium, etc. mines.
20) The Corporate structure of the U.S. has many corporations which began with the Standard Oil Company and the many under it's umbrella.
21) Congress, over time, have failed to extinguish the Standard Oil agreement, and instead the lawyers have moved the structure over to foreign governments with support from the U.S. military who defends the lives, and properties of its own.
22) The U.S. breached the law of nations documented Queen Liliuokalani.
23) The U.S., England, and the bankers (Morgan bankers were investors for both England and the U.S.) departed from the Law of Nations and formed the League of Nations, then the CFR, Council on Foreign Relations with the purpose of One World Order/New World Order, the foundation being the 1822 Secret Treaty of Verona, and started the United Nations with contributions from the EXXON corporation (which evolved from the Standard Oil Company) with the Rockefeller, et. als. as permanent heads who contributed the land that the United Nations has it's building on.
Conclusion:
The history of Hawaii has indeed affected the World today. A Corporation is not a government. Everyone affected by the U.S., Great Britain's, France's etals. corporate structure needs to work on diminishing the tight reins of slavery by reaching for the areas of history that has problematic issues, reenact Constitutions, limit or eliminate the Corporate structure moving in to assume the rights of citizens.
There's more history which has been brought out by many historians, researchers, writers, which shows evidence of decadent nations looking to kill off all people of color, etc.
In other words, dear friends, take heed, and take back your governments.
aloha.
references: research, books, articles by Amelia Kuulei Gora; www.leurenmoret.com Joe Rodrigues messages re: Federal taxes, etc.: www.freedomtofascism.com Aaron Russo, director, investigative reporter, etc. *********************** "
EXHIBIT L
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