The Hague
ICJ/International Court of Justice
Neutral and All Nations
U.S. President Joe Biden (updated)
Secretary of State Blinken
Governor Josh Green (updated)
Judges, et. als. in the Hawaiian Islands
Many Interested others
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Queen Liliuokalani's Cartoons Showing Animosities Towards People of Color in Hawaii
Reposted by Amelia Gora (2024)
EVIDENCE: FALSE FLAG Operations in the Hawaiian Islands
Historical Political Cartoons About Hawaii - Hawai'i Digital ...
IBHistory - Liliuokalani
TRIBUNAL of the Hawaiian Kingdom EVIDENCE: Queen ...
Queen Liliuokalani and the American Take-over of Hawaii
Cartoon: Liliuokalani See Saw | Flickr - Photo Sharing!
Hawaii
The History of the Nineteenth Century in Caricature
Queen Liliuokalani Of Hawaii Political Cartoon | Kayrahome ...
Historical Political Cartoons About Hawaii
Historically, political cartoons expressed, shaped, reinforced, and reflected social, political, and racial attitudes, social conditions, and class structure. Therefore, some newspapers used cartoons as propaganda to shape public opinion. As mirrors to public knowledge, cartoons showed what the public knew about events and scandals. Because even illiterate people could understand the cartoons, some politicians feared them more than print editorials. Cartoons illustrated how public figures and racial groups looked. In the 1800s, due to the pervasive racist attitudes at the time, non-Caucasion people would often be drawn with exaggerated physical features, such as large lips and nappy hair. Racist cartoons propagated negative stereotypes and implied that non-Caucasian people were primitive. On the U.S. mainland, some of the newspapers and magazines drew Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawaii, with features including feathers in her hair, nappy hair, thick lips, and bare feet, illustrating her as a primitive woman. The following cartoon portrays the queen as a dark-skinned, underdressed woman with thick lips who tries to give her crown to a pawnbroker for cash.  "PAWNBROKER---I might have let you have a few sandwiches a month ago, but it isn't worth a wisp of hay now." St. Paul daily globe, February 03, 1893, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.  Text: "See-saw! Uncle Sam in Hawaii" The evening world, November 14, 1893, BROOKLYN LAST EDITION, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.com/ In the late 1890s, the United States was determining whether to annex Hawaii and other territories including Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. American political cartoons often illustrated the concept of manifest destiny, or America's geopolitical expansion through colonization. Some cartoons would draw the United States as Uncle Sam and the territories considered for annexation as children, as if the United States was their warden. The children would often be drawn with dark skin and sometimes with grass skirts, nappy hair, or bare feet.  Here, Uncle Sam, a personification of the United States, holds a knife, apparently about to cut a chicken. He asks, "Who'll get the wishbone?" to the two children, as they represent Cuba and Hawaii respectively. At the time of publication, the United States considered annexing them during the Spanish-American War. Text: "Who'll get the wish-bone? -The Journal, New York." The Hawaiian gazette, December 24, 1897, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.com/ In the 1890s, the Empire of Japan was considering which countries to colonize. This illustration portrays America's desire to annex Hawaii before Japan could, literally putting a lid on its ambitions.  "--From Chicago Inter-Ocean" The Hawaiian gazette, April 09, 1897, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. Uncle Sam gets first dibs on the "oyster sandwiches," or Hawaii, before Japan and other countries.  Text: "Uncle Sam--You fellows will please stand back while I try these oyster sandwiches myself." The Saint Paul globe, June 17, 1897, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. In this cartoon, Uncle Sam's pocket holds the sausage of Hawaii, which the dog representing Japan can't resist.  John Bull: "He smells the sausage, uncle!" From Der Fish (Vienna) The Hawaiian gazette., August 20, 1897, Page 3, Image 3 http://chroniclingamerica.com/ Uncle Sam catches the ripe apple that says "Hawaii" in his hat at the right time. In the background, John Bull, a personification of Britain, shakes his fist.  Text: "Uncle Sam Catches the Ripe Fruit" The morning call, January 29, 1893, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. The United States annexed Hawaii a year before, and this cartoon was published a week after the Fourth of July.  Uncle Sam:--Wake up Madam! Its time to celebrate. Fair Hawaii is annexed and its the Fourth of July Madam Pele:--You caught me while I was napping, Sammy, but its down one so here goes." Austin's Hawaiian weekly., July 15, 1899, Page 7, Image 7 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. A year earlier, the United States annexed Hawaii without a war and was fighting in the Spanish-American War. In 1899 was the Philippine-American War, and the United States would eventually annex the Philippines in 1901.  Left image: A woman (apparently Uncle Sam's "daughter") personifying Hawaii with a cornucopia by her and the scene of Diamond Head, the Pacific Ocean, and the sun hovering at the horizon with the word "prosperity." Right image: Personifying the United States, Uncle Sam looks at the "Hawaiian Report," which says "peace and prosperity," "loyalty," "thriving industries," "increasing commerce," and "fine climate." In the back of him is a "report from the Filipines" saying to "send more soldiers." Caption text: "Uncle Sam:--Blam in Gilead! Well, thank heavens both my new daughters haven't got the same disposition." Austin's Hawaiian weekly., July 22, 1899, Page 7, Image 7 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. Personifying the United States, Uncle Sam chases a bee representing Emilio Aguinaldo, the president of the Philippine Islands from March 22, 1897 to April 1, 1901. Two years after this cartoon's publication, at the end of the Philippine-American War, Aguinaldo would surrender control of the Philippines to the United States, which then annexed the country.  Text: "Uncle Sam:--He's a son of a gun at dodging, and he's not worth much when you've got him: but I'll GIT him if it takes all summer." Austin's Hawaiian Weekly, September 23, 1899, Page 7, Image 7 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. In the late 1800s, the Hawaiian Gazette's political cartoons often illustrated Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole, the delegate representing Hawaii in the U.S. Congress from 1903 to 1922. In the picture below, Kuhio shouts about political issues on a soap box. When "Duty" asks a citizen, "Have you registered?" he responds apathetically while yawning, "Oh there's plenty of time." Kuhio could not vote on issues presented in Congress. Hawaii did not have a vote, as it was not a U.S. state yet.  Text: "How about it, Mr. Good Citizen?" The Hawaiian gazette, April 05, 1912, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.com/ With a tag that says, "Delegate for Sale," Kuhio stands by the box for the convention secret ballots.  Text: "United We Stand; Divided We Fall" The Hawaiian gazette., April 12, 1912, Page 2, Image 2 http://chroniclingamerica.com/ The following cartoon makes fun of Kuhio and McCarthy's flip flopping ways. Text in the article that accompanies the cartoon: "Just how circumstances may alter cases and how politicians may be one thing one day and quite another thing the next is shown by a very interesting document ... "  Text: Cupid [Kuhio]-- I'm Kuhio, of whom you've heard; At changing my mind I'm sure one bird I came to Hawaii, Taft to kill, But now I'm a shouter for Our Big Bill. Ex-Campaign Manager-- Oh, Charley McCarthy is my name, As a backer of Link I won great fame-- Now they've got Link down, and so you see I've launched a boon for to nominate Me. It makes no different what we say, For to change our minds only takes a day. To swallow your words can be no sin If only you swallow them down to win. The Hawaiian gazette., March 12, 1912, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc. The Hawaiian Gazette's political cartoons also humorously illustrated local issues. For example, the illustration below makes fun of the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union's campaign against the producers and sellers of beers in Hawaii. The woman from the W.C.T.U. pumps in water to a man labeled as "Honolulu Brewery," for a "water cure for brewery." In the background, seven people pump pressure to the water hose.  The Hawaiian gazette., May 23, 1902, Image 1 http://chroniclingamerica.loc.
|
==
| On January 16, 1893, United States Marines from the U.S.S Boston surrounded the palace of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii. The Queen was informed that a “provisional government” composed of American citizens had been established until such time as the island nation could be annexed by the United States. Queen Liliuokalani peacefully yielded power to avoid bloodshed and put her faith in the government of the United States to restore sovereignty to its peaceful Pacific trading partner. The story of how the U.S. came to invade this small island nation is a shameful but largely forgotten chapter in American history. A Western Model Nation By the mid-19th century Hawaii had developed a modern government as a constitutional monarchy. American missionaries were firmly entrenched and Protestant Christianity was the dominant religion. A modern economy based largely on exports had developed, dominated by merchants from the U.S. Sugar was the most important export crop. During the Civil War the North relied largely on Hawaiian sugar imports to replace Southern growers, and the industry boomed. Hawaii’s reigning King Kalakaua did much to assist the sugar industry. A reciprocity trade treaty was negotiated with the United States and agreements were made with Asian nations to bring in much needed labor. Nevertheless, a movement grew among American citizens in Hawaii to gain greater control over the country. Many favored annexation by the United States. In 1887, these citizens drew up a new constitution with the intention of assassinating the king and establishing a republic. At the last minute, fears of the reaction of the vastly larger native population caused the revolutionaries to rewrite the document, leaving the king in place but stripping him of power. Hawaii had no standing army to speak of, and militia companies organized by the revolutionaries presented the new constitution to the king essentially at gunpoint, causing it to be dubbed the “Bayonet Constitution.” Provisions in the constitution ensured that American business interests would remain in control of the government. Queen Liliuokalani When King Kalakaua died in January 1891, his sister, Queen Liliuokalani ascended the throne. By this time revolutionaries were at a fever pitch over the McKinley Tariff of 1890, which caused a recession in the islands by withdrawing the safeguards ensuring a mainland market for Hawaiian sugar. Under the 1887 constitution, power was essentially vested in the legislature and the cabinet of ministers, both controlled by American business interests, but Liliuokalani found a loophole. The death of the former King allowed her to dismiss the cabinet, as the constitution makes no provision for their continuance after the death of a monarch. Over the coming months, Liliuokalani selected new cabinets, only to have them removed by the legislature. As the wrangling continued, Liliuokalani was forced to sign questionable bills passed by the legislature which would later be used by Americans to condemn her, including a lottery bill and legalized opium trade. |  Queen Liliuokalani |
Coup In Participant Account #1, an excerpt from Liliuokalani’s autobiography, Liliuokalani describes a great upwelling of support among native Hawaiians for a new constitution. Supporters drew up a constitution that essentially restored the pre-1887 government. Word reached American interests and became the pretext for a coup. John L. Stevens, the American minister to Hawaii and an ardent supporter of annexation, called on troops from the U.S.S. Boston to enter the city and take control of Iolani Palace and various other governmental buildings. In Account #3, we see that Stevens justifies this action “for the protection of the United States legation and United States consulate, and to secure the safety of American life and property.” Yet in Account #2, Liliuokalani describes the city as peaceful that day. A provisional government was established with Sanford B. Dole, one of the leaders of the coup, as President. In Account #1 Liliuokalani describes the charges the revolutionaries made against her. The provisional government almost immediately sends a delegation to Washington to seek annexation, as Stevens describes in his letters inAccount #3. |  John L. Stevens |
| Repercussions President Cleveland took office soon after and was unhappy with the situation. He sent James H. Blount to replace Stevens as minister to Hawaii and to report on the situation. Blount interviewed all parties and submited an exhaustive 1300 page report in which he concluded that the majority of Hawaiians supported Liliuokalani. He implicated Stevens in the illegal overthrow of Liliuokalani and recommended she be restored. Blount returned home and Albert S. Willis was sent as the new American minister to discuss the possibility of restoring Liliuokalani to the throne. Liliuokalani describes in her autobiography that her discussions with Willis were confusing and led to the false charge in American newspapers that she would behead the revolutionaries if restored to power. Congress intervened and on July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii with Sanford B. Dole as president was declared and recognized by the United States government. Official U.S. policy was to let Hawaii determine its own government. Rebellion In January 1895, an attempt was made by native Hawaiians and sympathetic Americans to overthrow Dole’s government. In her autobiography, Liliuokalani describes how she is aware of the rebellion but takes no active part. The rebellion swiftly failed. A collection of antique firearms that belonged to her late husband was used to accuse Liliuokalani of maintaining a cache of weapons for the rebels. She was imprisoned and told that she would be put to death along with the rebels. Her autobiography describes her imprisonment and how her captors evidently change their mind about execution for fear of American public opinion. Liliuokalani was presented with a document formally abdicating the throne and told the rebels would be executed if she did not sign. Liliuokalani chose abdication to save the lives of her supporters. Nevertheless, Liliuokalani was tried for treason and sentenced to pay $5000 and serve 5 years in prison at hard labor (which she doesn’t serve). At her trial Liliuokalani made an eloquent statement defending her actions and pleading for the future of her nation, found in Account #4. Not all Americans approved of what happened in Hawaii. As previously mentioned, Americans took part in the rebellion of 1895, which attempted to restore Liliuokalani. In his letters to Washington, Stevens speaks of “ ‘liberals,’ as they term, themselves, composed mostly of the irresponsible white voters” who support Liliuokalani. At least one American journalist was ousted by Dole for showing sympathy for the Queen. Political cartoons from the time express concern in the American population over annexation. |  Sanford B. Dole |
Aftermath In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the United States through a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress under Present William McKinley. Liliuokalani wrote her autobiography and continued to live in Hawaii until her death in 1917. In 1993, on the one hundred year anniversary of the coup, President Clinton signed a bill into law formally apologizing to Hawaii for the illegal invasion by the United States. Conclusions It is comforting to remember the great things we have done as a nation. America was founded on ideals of freedom and self-determination that are a model to the world. Yet, we have not always lived by those ideals. Greed and feelings of innate superiority have led our ancestors to make decisions we can scarcely be proud of. Our past has a bearing on our present and our future. Understanding the mistakes we have made helps us understand the implications of our future decisions. If we persist in a view of the past that insists that America can do no wrong, we will scarcely question the course we take in the future. Stories like the invasion of Hawaii must be told. Liliuokalani, while she would not consider herself an American, was as intelligent and brave as any that we hold up as American heroes. One need only read Account #4 to appreciate her eloquence. By choosing to forget a shameful chapter in America’s story, we deny Liliuokalani the place she deserves in history. |
Created by: Merrill Davis and Mehreen Tejani
Page Created November 15, 2005
We are teacher education candidates at the University of Texas at Austin completing our Student as Historian assignment in order to meet course requirements for Secondary Advanced Social Studies Methods.
History 110 - Dr. Gayle Olson-Raymer
A Chronology of American Imperialism in the Hawaiian Islands
- A group of American planters, missionaries, and businessmen formed a secret organization, the Hawaiian League. Their initial goal was to reform the monarchy.
- American sugar growers forced King Kalakaua to accept a new constitution (known as the Bayonet Constitution) granting American and European foreigners the right to vote and shifting decision-making authority from the monarchy to the Hawaiian legislature. In November , the legislature signed a treaty with the U.S. that allowed the Americans to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor.
of the island's wealth, while representing less than 10% of the population.)Three weeks later, Grover Cleveland, became President and soon thereafter withdrew the treaty and appointed former congressman James Henderson Blount as special representative to investigate the events surrounding the overthrow.
The investigation confirmed that self-interested Americans led a conspiracy and that Hawaiians opposed annexation, Cleveland tried to restore the monarchy - efforts that were rejected by Dole and his colleagues who arrested the queen and confined her to her quarters. (In the cartoon, "We draw the line at this,"the caption reads "Our good-natured country may allow this administration to give our market to England, sell our embassies to Anglomaniac dudes, and cause the reduction of wages to the European standard. But...we draw the line at this." Description: Soldiers are holding up on points of bayonets a round platform upon which sits a caricature of Lili'uokalani, feathers in her hair, crown askew, barefoot, holding a paper reading "scandalous government", and "gross immorality". )
President McKinley signed a treaty to annex Hawaii, but it failed in the Senate after receiving 38,000 Hawaiian signatures opposing annexation. (International Law requires annexation to be accomplished via a treaty.) On July 4, the U.S. Congress approved annexation. On July 4, the U.S. Congress approved annexation of Hawaii via a joint resolution.
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queen liliuokalani of hawaii political cartoon
Image Gallery Queen Liliuokalani Of Hawaii Political Cartoon
Hawaii
The Legitimate Government Series: Kanaka Maoli Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust/Allodial Land Owners
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2024)
Kanaka Maoli are the true landowners in the Hawaiian Islands that has a
G E N E R A T I O N A L Trust/Dynasty Trust better known as the Allodial Land Owners!
When Kamehameha III passed the Allodial Land Laws, he created a Generational Trust /Dynasty Trust for Kanaka Maoli!
The Mahele began in 1848:
starting off with Fee Simple then it was amended in
1851 which he amended and gave Allodial lands to only Kanaka Maoli. To Aliens or non-kanaka maoli he gave only Fee Simple, less than Allodial, 30 years use, Lease, Freehold and Aliens could never own Allodial lands in the Hawaiian Islands.
This can be viewed as a Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust because Allodial lands are "forever" lands gifted by Kamehameha III in 1851.
The Kanaka Maoli paid commutation and did not have to pay taxes since that time!
Note: The occupiers, Provisional government, Republic of Hawaii, and Territory of the United States began to tax everyone in the Hawaiian Islands, and disregarding rule of law. Kanaka Maoli who were documented as having Allodial lands/ "Ano Allodial" did not have to pay taxes if their ancestors paid the commutation. Kanaka Maoli were exempt from paying taxes.
Know that if lands were taken by the occupiers for non-payment of their taxes, then the lands can be gotten back! Why?
Answer: Rule of Law - HAWAIIAN REPORTS case Kekiekie vs. Dennis shows that no one can take the land away from you. Kanaka Maoli lands are Generational Trust Lands which cannot be taken from you!
What do you need to obtain your lands?
Answer: Know your ancestors name(s) through genealogies of your family.
Note: Genealogies are an important part of every Kanaka Maoli and many families have maintained their family names in their Bibles, or their Legal Documents which the elders took care of - in files, important papers for safekeeping.
It is suggested that all Kanaka Maoli meet with Family Members so that everyone can secure, make copies of their precious family records.
How is it that Kanaka Maoli have Allodial Titles or Generational Trust/Dynasty Trusts?
Answers:
1) Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli gifted Kanaka Maoli with "forever lands" called the Allodial lands.
2) Rule of Law - HAWAIIAN REPORTS case Kalama vs. Kekuanaoa et. als. shows that you need your Royal Patent - a copy of the land that your ancestor obtained; a copy of the Land Commission Award - also a copy of the document that your ancestor was given, and a Survey Note - a copy that your ancestor was given during the Mahele.
The ownership documents must be gotten through research at the Archives or the Bureau of Conveyance. The costs for the Records below range from .25 cents per page through an average of $5 for all documents certified::
(1) Royal Patent - assigned to Kanaka Maoli - found at the Archives or the Bureau of Conveyances.
(2) Land Commission Award - assigned to Kanaka Maoli - found at the Archives or the Bureau of Conveyances.
(3) Survey Notes - assigned to Kanaka Maoli - found at the Archives.
(4) Grant - assigned to Kanaka Maoli - found at the Bureau of Conveyances.
(5) Survey Notes for the Grant - assigned to Kanaka Maoli - found at the Archives.
additionally,
Go to the Survey Office, a floor above the Bureau of Conveyances and locate the map which shows your ancestral property. The cost is usually less than $20 per map.
The Kingdom of Hawaii land laws are unlike the United States, etc. because the laws passed by Kamehameha III are "forever" when it comes to his Allodial Lands program.
KONOHIKI Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust for Kanaka Maoli Only
This is the Second Allodial Lands program for the 256 Assigned Konohiki who became the assigned Allodial land owners by Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli:
The 256 Konohiki assigned with Allodial lands follows as documented in
The Mahele Book of 1848.
The names of the Konohiki and their lands can be found in the Mahele Book see:
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Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli's Crown Lands
Kamehameha III's Crown Lands belongs to "himself, his heirs, and successors, forever" and Not to the Occupiers who have No Annexation which means they have No Jurisdiction.
Kamehameha had a total of 22 children and 22 grandchildren. Kamehameha's Royal Family are part of the Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust and Allodial Land Owners which can never belong to the Aliens/foreigners/outsiders.
The Crown Lands are the Private Properties, the Generational Trust, Dynasty Trust, the Allodial Lands belonging to the Royal Family's of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Not to Aliens, Occupiers, Pirates, etc.
Private Properties cannot be taken by Occupiers, Pirates, etc. under International Laws.
Government Lands
The Kingdom of Hawaii's Government Lands are to be taken cared of by the Minister of Interior of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Not a foreign, Alien Occupier, and the Minister of Interior is supported by the House of Nobles members who are also part of the heirs of the body of Kamehameha according to Laws of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
SUMMARY
Similar to Norway, the Kingdom of Hawaii's Kanaka Maoli are and remain the "forever" land owners and parties to the Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust which is known as the Allodial Lands in the Hawaiian Islands.
In other words, only Kanaka Maoli can own the "forever lands".
Aliens, foreigners can never own "forever lands" in the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Aliens can own Fee Simple which lasts only 30 years, leaselands, freehold, or less than Allodial lands/Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust lands.
The entity State of Hawaii is operating a Fraudulent set up based on a Fraud claim to Annexation which was a documented lie since the time of U.S. President McKinley's period.
The Royal Family existed in 1893 nnd the heirs of their body's exists today.
Failure to follow rule of law is documented:
1) U.S. Constitution Article 6. Supremacy Clause - Treaties are the Supreme Law of the Land.
2) Breached the Treaty of 1849 ratified in 1850 between Kamehameha III his heirs and successors and U.S. President Zachary Taylor;
3) Breach of the Protectorate Treaty of 1854;
4) Breach of the Neutrality Law of 1854;
5) Agreement between Queen Liliuokalani and the Junta/U.S. Junta in 1893.
6) Disregard of Queen Liliuokalani who was returned to the throne in 1893, 1894, and 1897.
7) Supporting a usurping group of men who had no sovereignty who did bare guns supported by the U.S. who supplied ammunition, weaponry, and pamphlets on how to war.
8) Invasion of a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation by the U.S. in 1893.
9) Planned invasion by the U.S. Congress who gave orders for the U.S. Boston to invade the Hawaiian Islands in 1893.
10) Evidence of Premeditation to assume a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation by a bankrupt and goldless pirate nation supported by Great Britain and France in 1893, etc.
The lands owned by the Kamehameha's, the Kanaka Maoli, and Konohiki are Generational Trust/Dynasty Trust/ Allodial lands which are "forever" lands belonging to Kanaka Maoli since the time of the Mahele of 1848.
Questions? hawaiianhistory@yahoo.com
aloha.
Other References:
The following are American videos about the Generational Trust / Dynasty Trusts:
**************************WHER
Extermination Campaign or Reasons Why GWBush, etals. Need to be Arrested……
January 16, 2009Posted in Extermination Campaign by GWBush etals. | Leave a Comment »
Reposted by Amelia
*The entity State of Hawaii are NOT the Water Rights Owners!
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Tunnel Scheme/Waiahole-Waikane Waters
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Tunnel Scheme/Waiahole-Waikane Waters
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2024)
The Tunnel Scheme/Waiahole-Waikane Waters:
The entity State of Hawaii has No Jurisdiction because there was No Annexation.
The McCandless claims are Alien Claims which means there was only a 30 year use. Also, the McCandless brothers three (3) were part of the conspirators of Queen Liliuokalani in 1893 and had no rights due to the Treasonous activities and participation in the "Sharpshooters" who were documented as the 50 who Killed Hawaiians.
Issues remain because the true landowners existed then and their heirs of their body exists today.
Also, the heirs are the heirs of the body of Kamehameha through his oldest son Kaoleioku as documented through research.
This article is posted for the legal records.
aloha,
Amelia Gora, Royal Family
Genealogy Researcher and part of the Hawaiian Genealogical Society which was headed by Princess Poomaikelani during King David Kalakaua's time.
References:
KAOLEIOKU - Kamehameha's Oldest Son, his Descendants and Heirs by Amelia Gora (1996), Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii.
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