The Hague
ICJ/International Court of Justice
Neutral and All Nations
U.S. President Joe Biden (updated) Governor Josh Green (updated)
Judges, et. als. in the Hawaiian Islands
Many Interested others
Neutral Nation to Neutral Nations/All Nations Legal Directive/Notice No. 2024 - 0819: The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Observing Pirates Operations in Genocide Wars from Amelia Gora, a Royal Person, Royal Family's Representative, Acting Liaison of Foreign Affairs, House of Nobles Member, etc. - Kingdom of Hawaii
Greetings,
The United States, with Great Britain, and France are Pirate Nations documented since 1893 for failing to follow rule of law, breaching, and violating Treaties, and the Kingdom of Hawaii's Neutrality Law passed by Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli documented.
The following is a legal report for everyone'[s records:
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Observing Pirates Operations in Genocide Wars
- a Legal Report -
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2024)
The following shows the Pirate Nations Affects on the World Today:
1492 - Papal Bulls by the Roman Catholic Church
1822 - Secret Treaty of Verona signed by Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, the Vatican,
Great Britain, and the United States.
Note: This Treaty is the beginning of organized piracies affecting Hawaii and the World today.
The purpose was to break down Monarchy governments worldwide in a concerted manner. It is a beginning of a New World Order, One World Order.
Also Note that the lead Pirate Nations are the United States, Great Britain, and France who have breached the Treaties with the Kingdom of Hawaii.
1849 Treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Hawaii which was ratified in 1850. This is a permanent treaty of amity and Friendship.
Monday, March 25, 2024
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: "Religion and Morality is the first interest" - Kamehameha III
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: "Religion and Morality is the first interest" - Kamehameha III
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2024)
Kamehameha III's first and foremost emphasis is on "Religion and Morality":
aloha.
Reference: Speech of 1848 by Kamehameha III.
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: The Military Enterprise or Expedition and Piracies By the U.S., Great Britain, and France Evidence
- Evidence -
It appears that the following violations have been hidden from the public over time by pirate nations who have had a part in pirating lands, assets, taxes, etc. from the Kingdom of Hawaii.... these issues are posted for the World to see because the Hawaiian Islands are occupied by White Annexationists, Supporters/White Supremacists, Supporters who have animosities against the Hawaiian people/kanaka maoli/Ko Hawaii Pae Aina people who are people of color , also called "Niggers" or Indians even today (see " Niggers or Indians " article below):
U.S. President Cleveland's Warning to Americans exposed the Neutrality Law that was breached in 1896:
1896 - August 26. U.S. President Cleveland: Warned About a Military enterprise or Expedition = Breach of Neutrality
Reference:
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: The U.S. is in Violation & Breached these Laws
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2024)
The United States of America are occupiers, due to military invasion since 1893.
There was No Annexation meaning they have No Jurisdiction and are documented occupiers who have supported treasonous persons who were white annexationists/supremacists, the haters of people of color.
They are documented pirates as documented by Kamehameha III in his Neutrality law of 1854.
Indoctrinating everyone was the plan and through research the following are important evidence of their War Crimes, Genocide, Warring against our Neutral, friendly, non-violent, innocent people since 1893.
The following evidence is for all to know, be aware of because the U.S. is on record along with Great Britain and France in failing to following rule of law, including international laws:
The U.S. (and company) is In Violation/Breaches of the following laws:
1) Treaty of 1849 ratified in 1850 - Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States of America
"There shall be perpetual peace and amity between the United States of America and the King of the Hawaiian Islands, his heirs and successors"
Reference: http://punawaiola.
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation and Extradition, 1849.
On December 20, 1849, the U.S. and the Kingdom of Hawaii signed a Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation and Extradition. The treaty, negotiated by U.S. Secretary of State John M. Clayton and the Hawaiian special Commissioner to the Government of the United States James Jackson Jarves, was signed in Washington, D.C.
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2) Kingdom of Hawaii - Neutrality Law of 1854
" Privateering will be charged as Pirates - from Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli:
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3) Kingdom of Hawaii - Protectorate of 1854 by U.S., Great Britain, and France
December 8, 1854.
The last Public Proclamation made by His late Majesty King Kamehameha III.
PROCLAMATION.
Whereas, It has come to my knowledge from the highest official sources, that my Government has been recently threatened with overthrow by lawless violence; and whereas the representatives at my Court, of the United States, Great Britain and France, being cognizant of these threats, have offered me the prompt assistance of the Naval forces of their respective countries, I hereby publicly proclaim my acceptance of the aid thus proffered in support of my Sovereignty. My independence is more firmly established than ever before.
KAMEHAMEHA.
Keoni Ana.
Palace, 8th December, 1854.
By the King and Kuhina Nui.
R. C. WYLLIE
December 15th, 1854.
Reference: https://www.
****************
4) U.S. JUNTA
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: U.S. Bound to Contracts Recorded in 2023
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: U.S. Legally Bound to Contracts Recorded in 2023
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2023)
The following is a list of Legal Contracts that the U.S. is Bound to since 1843:
* 1843 - Recognition of the Kingdom of Hawaii as a Sovereign Nation
* 1850 - Ratified Treaty of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States
* 1854 - Protectorate by the U.S., Great Britain, and France.
* 1854 - Neutrality Law passed by Kamehameha III.
* 1883 - Postal Treaty with the U.S. completed. Savings were made by many and stolen.
* 1893 - Breach of the Stipulations of the Protectorate by the U.S., Great Britain and France.
* 1893 - Breach of the Neutrality Law by the U.S., Great Britain, and France.
* 1893 - Gold stolen.
* 1893 - Government monies stolen.
* 1893 - Crown Lands stolen by non-owners.
* 1893 - Government Lands stolen by non-owners.
* 1893 - Lands conveyed by non-owners.
* 1893 - Contract between Queen Liliuokalani and the U.S. Junta found.
See: https://iolani-theroyal.
"
/
MEANING OF THE U.S. Junta
- 1.a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force."the country's ruling military junta"
- 2.HISTORICALa deliberative or administrative council in Spain or Portugal.
U.S. Junta Operations Documented
U.S.Junta - in Puerto Rico 1881 also in 1836, etc.
U.S. Junta - Hawaiian Islands 1893
See above............
Note: Looked for the article again at the chroniclingamerica website and it's gone! There were other articles before and the same happened..............missing.
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Reference:
This article shows that a Protectorate was given to the usurpers in 1896. This is evidence that the three (3) nations, the U.S., Great Britain, and France did breach the Treaties, the Protectorate, and the Neutrality law of Kamehameha III:
SUMMARY
It is important for everyone to know that the U.S. was bankrupt in 1893 and nearly out of gold.
The U.S. Representative had asked the Kingdom of Hawaii for a loan and the House of Nobles denied the request because the U.S. would not pay the loan back for thousands of years.
The Jews had loaned the U.S. monies expecting a 10% interest back, instead the Jews were killed in World War II and the loans? what became of the debts?
The U.S. funds genocide activists even today likened to the genocide activists in Hawaii who helped themselves to lands, monies, etc. based on piracies.
Funding wars at the expense of our peaceful, neutral, non-violent nation is not O.K.
Annexation claims are lies. Evidence has been uncovered that there was no Annexation, the entity created the U.S. President McKinley are documented Pirates supported by the U.S., Great Britain, and France who were parties too the crimes against a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation which happens to be people of color viewed as niggers and Indians.
Rule of Law Fail documented for entry into the International arena records showing hate crimes, genocide, war against peace, pirating activities which includes collection of taxes by non-owners who have No Annexation and are documented occupiers, the haters of people of peace, etc.
Research incomplete.
aloha.
Reference............more Evidence:
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: More Evidence, Five (5) More times of the U.S. Breach of the Neutrality Law Totaling 13 Times; The Failed Annexation - Another Perspective
Review of the Failed Annexation from
Pacific Strife by Kees Van Djik, Amsterdam University Press
For Evidence - Review by Amelia Gora (2021)
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1854
Protectorate over the Kingdom of Hawaii:
Friday, June 30, 2023
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Queen Liliuokalani Asked for a U.S. Protectorate on November 14, 1892; the U.S. Military Invaders Proclaimed a Protectorate over the Provisional Government
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: Queen Liliuokalani Asked for a U.S. Protectorate on November 14, 1892; the U.S. Military Invaders Proclaimed a Protectorate over the Provisional Government on February 1, 1893
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2023)
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Reference:
Thursday, June 29, 2023
The Legal Government in Hawaii Series: Great Britain and France Stipulations with the Kingdom of Hawaii
The Legal Government in Hawaii Series: Great Britain and France Stipulations with the Kingdom of Hawaii
- a Breach of the Stipulations -
Review by Amelia Gora (2023)
Ignoring Legal Stipulations by Nations does not mean that it will go away:
Note: Conspiracy within the Kingdom of Hawaii is documented in 1843 due to the failure of observing that both Great Britain and France had recognized the independence of a sovereign nation, the Kingdom of Hawaii.
The Minister of Foreign Relations/Affairs failed to point out to Kamehameha III that there was indeed a stipulation documented affecting the independence of the Kingdom of Hawaii, etc.
This also shows that the Minister of Foreign Affairs conspired against the Kingdom of Hawaii's Kamehameha III due to his failure of informing him that the Stipulation was in place since 1843.
Kamehameha III obtained a Three way Protectorate from the U.S., Great Britain, and France in 1854.
In 1893, the usurpers/Provisional Government gained the support of the United States on February 1, 1893. The United States removed the Protectorate from the already recognized nation known as the Kingdom of Hawaii, ignored Queen Liliuokalani's request of November 14, 1892..
This stipulation of 1843 remains legal, lawful, and to be held accountable.
It appears Great Britain and France breached their stipulations on record, etc.
It also appears that the United States, Great Britain, and France failed to follow the Protectorate signed with Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli in 1854.
The Breach of the Neutrality Law has been breached by the United States, Great Britain, and France in 1893. The Neutrality Law was passed by Kamehameha III - Kauikeauouli in 1854.
U.S. President Grover Cleveland in 1897 did remind Americans of the breach of the Neutrality. Law of 1854.
Research incomplete.
aloha.
Tuesday, February 27, 2024
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: The Native Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli Defined
The Legitimate Government in Hawaii Series: The Native Hawaiians or Kanaka Maoli Defined
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2024)
Alien occupiers claims Native Hawaiians/kanaka maoli are Niggers/Slaves or Indians :
The Independent. [volume] (Honolulu, H.I.) 1895-1905, August 06, 1897, Image 2
Conclusion:
Because there was No Annexation, the Natives of Hawaii do not have the same privileges of Americans and are to be compared with Niggers and Indians..
The Natives of Hawaii are to be treated as American Indians or Slave/Niggers because the entity State of Hawaii is a created government directed by U.S. President McKinley to be a territory of the United States "developed" by the U.S. Army, Navy, and others which was placed under the American Empire with other territories that had no Sovereignty.
The native Hawaiians, kanaka maoli are the legitimate people living and owning Allodial lands in the Kingdom of Hawaii, the Legitimate Royal Government in the Hawaiian Islands, the Hawaiian archipelago.
Kamehameha III in 1852 passed the anti-slavery laws which were disregarded by the white annexationists/white supremacists who moved against the Constitutional Monarchy government in Hawaii supported by the U.S. who failed to follow rule of law, the U.S. Constitution, the 1854 Protectorate, the 1854 Neutrality Law, and the agreement made by the U.S. Junta in 1893.
The entity created by the U.S. called the State of Hawaii has only a fractional sovereignty a 1/50 interest in the 100% sovereignty of the U.S. and is not a legal state, yet, the desire to call our Native Hawaiians/kanaka maoli "Niggers or Indians" continues on even today.
As the U.S. Junta had agreed with Queen Liliuokalani, if it was found that the U.S. had something to do with her usurpation, etc., then all shall be returned.
Evidence has been found, so therefore, all shall be returned.
Validation of the U.S. involvement can be obtained by downloading all articles of evidence posted on the internet for more than 10 years under the news on the web: IOLANI - the Royal Hawk, all articles by Amelia Gora, and other whistleblowers. Also pamphlets, books, articles written are also proof of the moves against a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation since the time of Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli.
Queen Liliuokalani maintained the neutrality, non-violent, friendly status of Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli.
Piracy activities have been engaged in since 1893 with the criminal assumption of lands, taxes, income from duties, rents, leases, monies, from the treasury, Hawaiian gold, artifacts, treasures, Alii Trusts - lands, monies, income from shipping duties, etc. criminally confiscated by usurpers who were supported by the United States invasion.
The Pirate status of the United States, Great Britain, France, et. als. absolutely changes the perspective towards nations who claim to follow rule of law because the Kingdom of Hawaii's occupation status, pirated loands, treasury, gold, etc. is evidence for all nations to see that following such nations with breaches, violations means that many nations have aligned themselves with Pirates, frauds, swindlers, thieves, immoral nations who have failed to follow rule of law and are uncivilized nations among the civilized nations documented from a peaceful, neutral, friendly, non-violent nation known as the Kingdom of Hawaii.
As agreed to by the Junta/U.S. Junta and Queen Liliuokalani, all shall be returned when found that the United States was part of usurping her, etc.
Also, there was no Annexation which means that the U.S. has no Jurisdiction in the Hawaiian archipelago/ the Hawaiian Islands/the Kingdom of Hawaii/Ko Hawaii Pae Aina.
aloha.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
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1893 - the United States, Great Britain, France et.als. failed to follow rule of law and has a status of Pirates due to the breach of Neutrality Law by Kamehameha III - Kauikeaouli in 1854.
aloha.
The following Wars were engaged in by the United States as a documented Pirate Nation since 1893:
Reference: https://en.
| Yaqui Wars (1896–1918) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona and Mexico  10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918. |  United States Mexico |  YaquiPima Opata | US-allied victory | Grover Cleveland (March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897)
|
| Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa  Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899. | Samoa United States | Mataafans German Empire | Inconclusive/Other Result
| William McKinley |
| Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam  Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" after the Battle of San Juan Hill. | United States Cuban Revolutionaries Filipino Revolutionaries |  Spain | US-allied victory
| |
| Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines  U.S. soldiers during the Battle of Manila. | 1899–1902 United States 1902-1906 | 1899–1902 Philippine Republic Limited Foreign Support: 1902-1906 | US victory
| William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901)
|
| Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) Location: Philippines  American soldiers battling against Moro fighters. | United States |  Moro Remnants of the Sulu Sultanate | US victory
| William McKinley (March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901)
|
| Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China  U.S. soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion in China. |  British Empire
|  Boxers China (from 1900) | US-allied victory
| William McKinley |
| Conflict | Allies | Opponent(s) | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crazy Snake's War (1909) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oklahoma  Creek prisoners of war. |  United States | Creek | US victory | Theodore Roosevelt (September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909) Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge |
| Mexican Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border  American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on May 27, 1916 | United States |  MexicoSupported by: | US victory
| William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson |
| Little Race War (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba  USS Mississippi in Cuba | Cuba United States | Cuban PIC | US-allied victory
| William Howard Taft |
| United States occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua  US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag. | United States Nicaragua |  Nicaraguan Liberals Sandinistas | US victory
| William Howard Taft (March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913) Woodrow Wilson Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover |
| Bluff War (1914–1915) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah and Colorado  Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City. | United States | Ute Paiute | US victory | Woodrow Wilson |
| United States occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico  American ships at Veracruz | United States Supported by: | Mexico Supported by: | US victory | |
| United States occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti  2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti | United States Haiti | Haitian Rebels | US-allied victory | Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge Herbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic  US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic. | United States |  Dominican Republic | US victory | Woodrow Wilson (March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921) Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge |
| World War I (1914–1918, direct U.S. involvement in 1917–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia  US troops firing 37mm gun during an advance against German entrenched positions. |  French Republic British Empire
| German Empire Austro-Hungarian Empire Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Bulgaria | US-allied victory
| Woodrow Wilson |
| Russian Civil War (1917–1923, direct U.S. involvement in 1918–1920) Location: Russia  US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka. |  White Movement
|  Russian SFSR
| Bolshevik Victory[19]
| |
| Posey War (1923) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Utah  Ute and Paiute prisoners of war. | United States | Ute Paiute | US victory
| Warren G. Harding |
| World War II (1939–1945, direct U.S. involvement in 1941–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and Sou  Six United States Marines raising the U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima. | Allies:
| Axis:
| US-allied victory
| Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman |
| Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea ,_with_the_assistance_of_his_gun_crew,_fires_a_75mm_recoilless_rifle,_near_Oetlook-tong,_Korea,_in_support_of_infantry_units_directly_across_HD-SN-99-03094.jpg) U.S. soldier fires a 75mm recoilless rifle, near Oetlook-tong, Korea, in support of infantry units directly across the valley. |  South Korea
|  North Korea
| Inconclusive/Other Result
| Harry S. Truman (April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953) Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Vietnam War (1955–1964[a], 1965–1973[b], 1974–1975[c]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos  1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965. |  South Vietnam United States South Korea Australia New Zealand Thailand Philippines Kingdom of Laos Khmer Republic |  North Vietnam Viet Cong Pathet Lao Khmer Rouge China Soviet Union North KoreaSupported by: | North Vietnam-allied victory
| Dwight D. Eisenhower (January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961) John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
| Laotian Civil War (1959–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos  A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970. | Kingdom of Laos United States South Vietnam Thailand Supported by:  Philippines Taiwan | Pathet Lao North Vietnam Supported by: | Pathet Lao-allied victory
| |
| Permesta Rebellion (1958–1961) Location: Indonesia  The capture of Allen Lawrence Pope. |  Permesta United States |  Indonesia | Indonesian government victory | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Lebanon crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon  US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut. |  Lebanon United States | Lebanese opposition: | US-allied victory
| |
| Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba _during_the_Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion_in_April_1961.jpg) A4D-2 Skyhawks in flight over USS Essex during the Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961. | CDRF United States | Cuba | Cuban government victory
| John F. Kennedy |
| Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic .jpg) US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965. | Dominican Loyalists United States IAPF | Dominican Constitutionalists | US-allied victory
| Lyndon B. Johnson |
| Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone  ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ, 1967. | South Korea United States | North Korea | US-allied victory
| Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon |
| Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Part of the Cold War Location: Cambodia .jpg) US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia. |  Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) United States South VietnamSupported by: | National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Vietnam Việt CộngSupported by: | Khmer Rouge-allied victory
| Lyndon B. Johnson (November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969) Richard Nixon Gerald Ford |
| Multinational intervention in Lebanon (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon  US Marines of the 32nd Marine Amphibious Unit come ashore to assume the management of the port of Beirut. | Lebanese Armed Forces UNIFILMultinational Force in Lebanon:  Israel | Lebanese National Movement Jammoul PLO Amal Movement Iran
 Syria Arab Deterrent Force | Syrian-allied victory
| Ronald Reagan (January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989) |
| United States invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada  American soldiers in artillery positions at Grenada. | United States Barbados Jamaica Antigua and Barbuda Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |  PRG of Grenada CubaMilitary advisors: List | US-allied victory
| Ronald Reagan |
| Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya  USAF F-111 taking off for Libya | United States |  Libya | US victory
| |
| Tanker War (1987–1988) Part of the Iran–Iraq War Location: Persian Gulf  Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft. | United States | Iran | US victory
| |
| United States invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama  U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989. | United States Panamanian Opposition | Panama | US-allied victory
| George H. W. Bush |
| Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel  M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge. | United States United Kingdom Kuwait Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Qatar Bahrain United Arab Emirates Oman |  Iraq | US-allied victory
| |
| Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq  A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998. | United States United Kingdom France Australia Belgium Netherlands Saudi Arabia Turkey Italy |  Iraq | US-allied victory
| George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) Bill Clinton George W. Bush |
| First U.S. Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Part of the Somali civil war (1991–present) Location: Somalia  U.S. Marines on patrol in Somalia. | United States United Kingdom Spain Saudi Arabia Malaysia Pakistan Italy India Greece Germany France Canada Botswana Belgium Australia New Zealand |  Somali National Alliance | Somali victory
| George H. W. Bush (January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993) Bill Clinton |
| Bosnian War and Croatian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia  A U.S. Army M-113 Armor Personnel Carrier prepares to pull an armored Humvee out of the mud in Bosnia and Herzegovina. |  Bosnia and Herzegovina
|  Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia | Inconclusive/Other Result
| |
| Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti  U.S. Marine guarding an area in Haiti. | United States Poland Argentina | Haiti | US-allied victory
| Bill Clinton |
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia  A U.S. Air Force F-15E Strike Eagle takes off for an air strike mission. |  KLA AFRK Albania Croatia United States Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Poland Spain Turkey United Kingdom |  FR Yugoslavia | Inconclusive/Other Result
|
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- ^ Advisory role from the forming of the MAAG in Vietnam to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.
- ^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. The Paris Peace Accords of January 1973 saw all U.S forces withdrawn; the Case–Church Amendment, passed by the U.S Congress on August 15, 1973, officially ended direct U.S military involvement .
- ^ The war reignited on December 13, 1974, with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under five months.
| Conflict | Allies | Belligerent | Result for the United States and its Allies | Presidents of the United States |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Part of the war on terror and the Afghan conflict Location: Afghanistan .jpg) U.S. soldiers from A Company, 101st Airborne Division Special Troop Battalion air assault into a village inside Jowlzak valley in Afghanistan. |  Resolute Support Mission Afghanistan United States Canada United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Norway Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Georgia Germany Netherlands Italy Romania Slovakia Spain TurkeyFormerly:  ISAF |  TalibanAllied groups Taliban splinter groups
2001 Invasion: | Taliban victory
| George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden |
| US intervention in Yemen (2002–present) Part of the war on terror, the al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen, the Yemeni Civil War and the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war Location: Yemen .jpg) MQ-9 Predator commonly used in drone strikes in Yemen. | United States Saudi-led coalition: In support of: |  al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al-Sharia
| Ongoing US Intervention against jihadists
US Intervention against Houthi movement
| George W. Bush (October 7, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden |
| Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the war on terror Location: Iraq  U.S. soldiers at the Hands of Victory monument in Baghdad. | Post-invasion (2003–2011)
List Invasion phase (2003) | Post-invasion (2003–2011) Invasion phase (2003) Dulaim Tribes | Inconclusive/Other Result
| George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama |
| US intervention in the War in North-West Pakistan (2004–2018) Part of the war on terror and the War in North-West Pakistan Location: Pakistan  MQ-1 Predator drones typically used in covert bombing operations in Pakistan. | Pakistan Supported by: | Jihadists:
| US-allied victory
| George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump |
| Second US Intervention in the Somali Civil War (2007–present) Part of the Somali Civil War, the Somali Civil War and the war on terror Location: Somalia and Northeas  U.S. Marines establish security positions at Baledogle Airfield in Somalia, December 2020. | Somalia United States
Supported by: Non-combat support: | Jihadists: | Ongoing
| George W. Bush (January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009) Barack Obama Donald Trump Joe Biden |
| Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Location: Indian Ocean  A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010. |
| Somali pirates | US-allied victory
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) |
| International intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the Libyan Crisis and the First Libyan Civil War Location: Libya _launches_a_Tomahawk_cruise_missile_to_support_Joint.jpg) U.S. vessels launch missiles in support of Anti-Gaddafi rebels during the First Libyan Civil War. |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
| US-allied victory
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) |
| Operation Observant Compass (2011–2017) Part of the war on terror and the Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Location: Uganda  U.S. Marine Sgt. Joseph Bergeron, a task force combat engineer, explains combat marksmanship tactics to a group of Ugandan soldiers. | United States Uganda DR Congo Central African Republic South Sudan |  Lord's Resistance Army | US-allied victory
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) |
| US military intervention in Niger (2013–2024) Part of the war on terror, the Operation Juniper Shield and the Jihadist insurgency in Niger Location: Niger  American special forces training alongside Nigerien soldiers. | United States Supported by: | Jihadists:
| Jihadists victory[59][60][61][62]
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump Joe Biden |
| US-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the War in Iraq (2013–2017), the Spillover of the Syrian civil war, the war on terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq  U.S. soldiers use a rooftop as an observation post, during the Battle of Mosul in Iraq, March 2017. | United States Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan
| Jihadists: | US-allied victory
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump Joe Biden |
| US intervention in the Syrian civil war (2014–present) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian civil war, the war on terror and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria  U.S. 1st Battalion, 6th Infantry Regiment troops conduct area reconnaissance patrol in Syria, February 2021. | United States Revolutionary Commando Army
|
| Ongoing US Intervention against jihadists
US Intervention against Assad regime
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump Joe Biden |
| US intervention in Libya (2015–2019) Part of the Operation Inherent Resolve, the war on terror, the Second Libyan Civil War, and the International ISIS Campaign Location: Libya .jpg) USS Wasp conducts flight operations in Operation Odyssey Lightning. | United States | Jihadists: | ISIS in Libya largely defeated
| Barack Obama (January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017) Donald Trump |
| Operation Prosperity Guardian (2023–present) Part of the Red Sea crisis, Israel–Hamas war and the Yemeni Civil War Location: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden and Yemen  USS Carney engages Houthi missiles. | United States United Kingdom Australia New Zealand Canada Denmark Greece Netherlands Norway Bahrain Singapore Sri LankaSupported by: | Ongoing
| Joe Biden (January 20, 2021 – Incumbent) |
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- List of notable deployments of U.S. military forces overseas
- Timeline of United States military operations
- Military history of the United States
- United States Armed Forces
- List of American military installations
- List of United States drone bases
- List of countries with overseas military bases
- ^ Some historians name the 1861–1865 war the "Second American Civil War", because in their view, the American Revolutionary War can also be considered a civil war (since the term can be used in reference to any war in which one political body separates itself from another political body). They then refer to the Independence War, which resulted in the separation of the Thirteen Colonies from the British Empire, as the "First American Civil War".[1][2] A significant number of American colonists stayed loyal to the British Crown and as Loyalists fought on the British side while opposite were a significant amount of colonists called Patriots who fought on the American side. In some localities, there was fierce fighting between Americans including gruesome instances of hanging, drawing, and quartering on both sides.[3][4][5][6]
- As early as 1789, David Ramsay, an American patriot historian, wrote in his History of the American Revolution that "Many circumstances concurred to make the American war particularly calamitous. It was originally a civil war in the estimation of both parties."[7] Framing the American Revolutionary War as a civil war is gaining increasing examination.[8][9][10][1]. You can read part two of his 1789 book in full here
- A group of Bristol, England merchants wrote to King George III in 1775 voicing their “most anxious apprehensions for ourselves and Posterity that we behold the growing distractions in America threaten” and ask for their majesty’s “Wisdom and Goodness” to save them from “a lasting and ruinous Civil War.”[2]. You can read the 1775 petition in full here
- The “constrained voice” is a good synopsis of how the British viewed the American Revolutionary War. From anxiety to a foreboding sense of the conflict being a civil war,[3]
- In the early stages of the rebellion by the American colonists, most of them still saw themselves as English subjects who were being denied their rights as such. “Taxation without representation is tyranny,” James Otis reportedly said in protest of the lack of colonial representation in Parliament. What made the American Revolution look most like a civil war, though, was the reality that about one-third of the colonists, known as loyalists (or Tories), continued to support and fought on the side of the crown.[4]
- ^ France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially been a civil war into an international conflict.[5]
- The Revolution was both an international conflict, with Britain and France vying on land and sea, and a civil war among the colonists, causing over 60,000 loyalists to flee their homes.[6]
- Until early in 1778 the conflict was a civil war within the British Empire, but afterward it became an international war as France (in 1778) and Spain (in 1779) joined the colonies against Britain. Meanwhile, the Netherlands, which provided both official recognition of the United States and financial support for it, was engaged in its own war against Britain.[7]
- ^ Eric Herschthal. America's First Civil War: Alan Taylor's new history poses the revolution as a battle inside America as well as for its liberty Archived June 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, The Slate, September 6, 2016.
- ^ James McAuley. Ask an Academic: Talking About a Revolution Archived January 7, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New Yorker, August 4, 2011.
- ^ Thomas Allen. Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War. New York, Harper, 2011.
- ^ Peter J. Albert (ed.). An Uncivil War: The Southern Backcountry During the American Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1985.
- ^ Alfred Young (ed.). The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1976.
- ^ Armitage, David. Every Great Revolution Is a Civil War Archived December 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. In: Keith Michael Baker and Dan Edelstein (eds.). Scripting Revolution: A Historical Approach to the Comparative Study of Revolutions. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2015. According to Armitage, "The renaming can happen relatively quickly: for example, the transatlantic conflict of the 1770s that many contemporaries[who?] saw as a British "civil war" or even "the American Civil War" was first called "the American Revolution" in 1776 by the chief justice of South Carolina, William Henry Drayton."
- ^ David Ramsay. The History of the American Revolution Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. 1789.
- ^ Elise Stevens Wilson. Colonists Divided: A Revolution and a Civil War Archived October 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
- ^ Timothy H. Breen. The American Revolution as Civil War Archived June 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, National Humanities Center.
- ^ 1776: American Revolution or British Civil War? Archived July 27, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, University of Cambridge.
- ^ "Milestones: 1801–1829". Office of the Historian, State Department, United States.
- ^ David Hunter Miller, ed. (1931). Treaties and Other International Acts of the United States of America. Vol. 2. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 275, 303.
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encyclopedia.com. Retrieved May 8, 2019. - ^ a b r2WPadmin. "First Barbary War". American History Central. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ Serial 89, 18th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Document No. 1, p. 95
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- ^ Brinkley, Joel (March 11, 1984). "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". The New York Times.
- ^ McEldowney, Nancy (2000). "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center.
- ^ Cambridge Scholars Publisher (2015). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-4438-
7668-1. - ^ Erlanger, Steven (November 7, 1999). "NATO Was Closer to Ground War in Kosovo Than Is Widely Realized". The New York Times.
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34.1.83. S2CID 57572298. - ^ "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. August 24, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
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George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
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A
l Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011 - ^ South, Todd (January 20, 2019). "Army's long-awaited Iraq war study finds Iran was the only winner in a conflict that holds many lessons for future wars". Army Times. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
- ^ Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7432-9424-9.
- ^ "Iran expands regional 'empire' ahead of nuclear deal". Reuters. March 23, 2015.
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- ^ "US Drone Kills Afghan-Based Pakistani Taliban Commander". Voice of America (VOA). July 4, 2018.
- ^ "CIA drone strikes in Pakistan, 2004 to present". Bureau of Investigative Journalism. January 24, 2018. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2019.
- ^ Somalia, EUTM. "Home". EUTM-Somalia. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
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- ^ "US increases military support for Somalia against al-Shabab". Defense News. Defense News. March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
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- ^ "America has lost the war against Islamist terror in Africa". The Spectator. May 3, 2024.
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- ^ "The US War on Terror in West Africa Is a Continuing Disaster". Jacobin. July 3, 2024.
- ^ "America's $280 Million Military Mission in Niger Ends in Failure". Reason. July 3, 2024.
- ^ "Niger ends military agreement with US, calls it 'profoundly unfair'". CNN. CNN. April 12, 2024. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
- ^ "Niger's Military Junta Ditches America and Courts Russia". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. March 19, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
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- ^ "Baghdad declares victory over ISIS". NBC News. February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
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These militias have conducted over 170 attacks targeting US positions as part of this effort since October 2023.
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- Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
- A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War[permanent dead link], Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
- Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
- U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service
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